A033880 -id:A033880 - cp's OEIS frontend

A000396 Perfect numbers k: k is equal to the sum of the proper divisors of k.

6, 28, 496, 8128, 33550336, 8589869056, 137438691328, 2305843008139952128, 2658455991569831744654692615953842176, 191561942608236107294793378084303638130997321548169216

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

A number k is abundant if sigma(k) > 2k (cf. A005101), perfect if sigma(k) = 2k (this sequence), or deficient if sigma(k) < 2k (cf. A005100), where sigma(k) is the sum of the divisors of k (A000203).
The numbers 2^(p-1)*(2^p - 1) are perfect, where p is a prime such that 2^p - 1 is also prime (for the list of p's see A000043). There are no other even perfect numbers and it is believed that there are no odd perfect numbers.
Numbers k such that Sum_{d|k} 1/d = 2. - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 07 2002
For number of divisors of a(n) see A061645(n). Number of digits in a(n) is A061193(n). - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 04 2004
All terms other than the first have digital root 1 (since 4^2 == 4 (mod 6), we have, by induction, 4^k == 4 (mod 6), or 2*2^(2*k) = 8 == 2 (mod 6), implying that Mersenne primes M = 2^p - 1, for odd p, are of the form 6*t+1). Thus perfect numbers N, being M-th triangular, have the form (6*t+1)*(3*t+1), whence the property N mod 9 = 1 for all N after the first. - Lekraj Beedassy, Aug 21 2004
The earliest recorded mention of this sequence is in Euclid's Elements, IX 36, about 300 BC. - Artur Jasinski, Jan 25 2006
Theorem (Euclid, Euler). An even number m is a perfect number if and only if m = 2^(k-1)*(2^k-1), where 2^k-1 is prime. Euler's idea came from Euclid's Proposition 36 of Book IX (see Weil). It follows that every even perfect number is also a triangular number. - Mohammad K. Azarian, Apr 16 2008
Triangular numbers (also generalized hexagonal numbers) A000217 whose indices are Mersenne primes A000668, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008, Sep 15 2013
If a(n) is even, then 2*a(n) is in A181595. - Vladimir Shevelev, Nov 07 2010
Except for a(1) = 6, all even terms are of the form 30*k - 2 or 45*k + 1. - Arkadiusz Wesolowski, Mar 11 2012
a(4) = A229381(1) = 8128 is the "Simpsons's perfect number". - Jonathan Sondow, Jan 02 2015
Theorem (Farideh Firoozbakht): If m is an integer and both p and p^k-m-1 are prime numbers then x = p^(k-1)*(p^k-m-1) is a solution to the equation sigma(x) = (p*x+m)/(p-1). For example, if we take m=0 and p=2 we get Euclid's result about perfect numbers. - Farideh Firoozbakht, Mar 01 2015
The cototient of the even perfect numbers is a square; in particular, if 2^p - 1 is a Mersenne prime, cototient(2^(p-1) * (2^p - 1)) = (2^(p-1))^2 (see A152921). So, this sequence is a subsequence of A063752. - Bernard Schott, Jan 11 2019
Euler's (1747) proof that all the even perfect number are of the form 2^(p-1)*(2^p-1) implies that their asymptotic density is 0. Kanold (1954) proved that the asymptotic density of odd perfect numbers is 0. - Amiram Eldar, Feb 13 2021
If k is perfect and semiprime, then k = 6. - Alexandra Hercilia Pereira Silva, Aug 30 2021
This sequence lists the fixed points of A001065. - Alois P. Heinz, Mar 10 2024

			6 is perfect because 6 = 1+2+3, the sum of all divisors of 6 less than 6; 28 is perfect because 28 = 1+2+4+7+14.

Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 4.
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John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. See pp. 136-137.
Euclid, Elements, Book IX, Section 36, about 300 BC.
Jan Gullberg, Mathematics from the Birth of Numbers, W. W. Norton & Co., NY & London, 1997, §3.3 Perfect and Amicable Numbers, pp. 82-83.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, Springer, 1st edition, 1981. See section B1.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 239.
T. Koshy, "The Ends Of A Mersenne Prime And An Even Perfect Number", Journal of Recreational Mathematics, Baywood, NY, 1998, pp. 196-202.
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N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Ian Stewart, L'univers des nombres, "Diviser Pour Régner", Chapter 14, pp. 74-81, Belin-Pour La Science, Paris, 2000.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, chapter 4, pages 127-149.
Horace S. Uhler, On the 16th and 17th perfect numbers, Scripta Math., Vol. 19 (1953), pp. 128-131.
André Weil, Number Theory, An approach through history, From Hammurapi to Legendre, Birkhäuser, 1984, p. 6.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers, pp. 107-110, Penguin Books, 1987.

E-Hern Lee, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..15 (terms 1-14 from David Wasserman)
Abiodun E. Adeyemi, A Study of @-numbers, arXiv:1906.05798 [math.NT], 2019.
Anonymous, Perfect Numbers. [broken link]
Anonymous, Timetable of discovery of perfect numbers. [broken link]
Antal Bege and Kinga Fogarasi, Generalized perfect numbers, arXiv:1008.0155 [math.NT], 2010.
Chris Bispels, Matthew Cohen, Joshua Harrington, Joshua Lowrance, Kaelyn Pontes, Leif Schaumann, and Tony W. H. Wong, A further investigation on covering systems with odd moduli, arXiv:2507.16135 [math.NT], 2025. See p. 3.
Richard P. Brent and Graeme L. Cohen, A new lower bound for odd perfect numbers, Math. Comp., Vol. 53, No. 187 (1989), pp. 431-437, S7; alternative link.
Richard P. Brent, Graeme L. Cohen and Herman J. J. te Riele, A new approach to lower bounds for odd perfect numbers, Report TR-CS-88-08, CSL, ANU, August 1988, 71 pp.
Richard P. Brent, Graeme L. Cohen and Herman J. J. te Riele, Improved Techniques For Lower Bounds For Odd Perfect Numbers, Math. Comp., Vol. 57, No. 196 (1991), pp. 857-868.
J. Britton, Perfect Number Analyser.
Chris K. Caldwell, Perfect number.
Chris K. Caldwell, Mersenne Primes, etc.
Chris K. Caldwell, Iterated sums of the digits of a perfect number converge to 1.
Jose Arnaldo B. Dris, The Abundancy Index of Divisors of Odd Perfect Numbers, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 15 (2012) Article # 12.4.4.
Jason Earls, The Smarandache sum of composites between factors function, in Smarandache Notions Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004), p. 243.
Roger B. Eggleston, Equisum Partitions of Sets of Positive Integers, Algorithms, Vol. 12, No. 8 (2019), Article 164.
Leonhard Euler, De numeris amicibilibus>, Commentationes arithmeticae collectae, Vol. 2 (1849), pp. 627-636. Written in 1747.
Bakir Farhi, On the representation of an even perfect number as the sum of a limited number of cubes, arXiv:1504.07322 [math.NT], 2015.
Steven Finch, Amicable Pairs and Aliquot Sequences, 2013. [Cached copy, with permission of the author]
Farideh Firoozbakht and Maximilian F. Hasler, Variations on Euclid's formula for Perfect Numbers, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 13 (2010), Article 10.3.1.
S. Flora Jeba, Anirban Roy, and Manjil P. Saikia, On k-Facile Perfect Numbers, Algebra and Its Applications (ICAA-2023) Springer Proc. Math. Stat., Vol. 474, 111-121. See p. 111.
J. W. Gaberdiel, A Study of Perfect Numbers and Related Topics.
Takeshi Goto and Yasuo Ohno, Largest prime factor of an odd perfect number, 2006.
Kevin G. Hare, New techniques for bounds on the total number of prime factors of an odd perfect number, Math. Comp., Vol. 76, No. 260 (2007), pp. 2241-2248; arXiv preprint, arXiv:math/0501070 [math.NT], 2005-2006.
Azizul Hoque and Himashree Kalita, Generalized perfect numbers connected with arithmetic functions, Math. Sci. Lett., Vol. 3, No. 3 (2014), pp. 249-253.
C.-E. Jean, "Recreomath" Online Dictionary, Nombre parfait.
Hans-Joachim Kanold, Über die Dichten der Mengen der vollkommenen und der befreundeten Zahlen, Mathematische Zeitschrift, Vol. 61 (1954), pp. 180-185.
Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, The zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, arXiv:1505.07229v3 [math.AG], 2015. [A later version of this paper has a different title and different contents, and the number-theoretical part of the paper was moved to the publication below.]
Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, Complete determination of the zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, The Ramanujan Journal, Vol. 46, No. 3 (2018), pp. 633-655; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1610.07793 [math.NT], 2016.
Pedro Laborde, A Note on the Even Perfect Numbers, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 62, No. 5 (May, 1955), pp. 348-349 (2 pages).
Tom Leinster, Perfect numbers and groups, arXiv:math/0104012 [math.GR], 2001.
A. V. Lelechenko, The Quest for the Generalized Perfect Numbers, in Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Cybernetics, TAAC 2014, Kiev.
Daniel Lustig, The algebraic independence of the sum of divisors functions, Journal of Number Theory, Volume 130, Issue 11 (November 2010), pp. 2628-2633.
T. Masiwa, T. Shonhiwa & G. Hitchcock, Perfect Numbers & Mersenne Primes.
Mathforum, Perfect Numbers.
Mathforum, List of Perfect Numbers.
Judson S. McCranie, A study of hyperperfect numbers, J. Int. Seqs., Vol. 3 (2000), Article #00.1.3.
Gérard P. Michon, Perfect Numbers, Mersenne Primes.
David Moews, Perfect, amicable and sociable numbers.
Derek Muller, The Oldest Unsolved Problem in Math, Veritasium, YouTube video, 2024.
Pace P. Nielsen, Odd perfect numbers have at least nine distinct prime factors, Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 76, No. 260 (2007), pp. 2109-2126; arXiv preprint, arXiv:math/0602485 [math.NT], 2006.
Walter Nissen, Abundancy : Some Resources , 2008-2010.
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, Perfect Numbers.
J. O. M. Pedersen, Perfect numbers. [Via Internet Archive Wayback-Machine]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Broken link]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Via Internet Archive Wayback-Machine]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Cached copy, pdf file only]
Ivars Peterson, Cubes of Perfection, MathTrek, 1998.
Omar E. Pol, Determinacion geometrica de los numeros primos y perfectos.
Paul Pollack, Quasi-Amicable Numbers are Rare, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 14 (2011), Article # 11.5.2.
D. Romagnoli, Perfect Numbers (Text in Italian). [From _Lekraj Beedassy_, Jun 26 2009]
Tyler Ross, A Perfect Number Generalization and Some Euclid-Euler Type Results, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 27 (2024), Article 24.7.5. See p. 3.
D. Scheffler and R. Ondrejka, The numerical evaluation of the eighteenth perfect number, Math. Comp., Vol. 14, No. 70 (1960), pp. 199-200.
K. Schneider, perfect number, PlanetMath.org.
Jonathan Sondow and Kieren MacMillan, Primary pseudoperfect numbers, arithmetic progressions, and the Erdős-Moser equation, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 124, No. 3 (2017), pp. 232-240; arXiv preprint, arXiv:math/1812.06566 [math.NT], 2018.
G. Villemin's Almanach of Numbers, Nombres Parfaits.
J. Voight, Perfect Numbers:An Elementary Introduction.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Perfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Odd Perfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Multiperfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hyperperfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundance.
Wikipedia, Perfect number.
Tomohiro Yamada, On the divisibility of odd perfect numbers by a high power of a prime, arXiv:math/0511410 [math.NT], 2005-2007.
Joshua Zelinsky, The Sum of the Reciprocals of the Prime Divisors of an Odd Perfect or Odd Primitive Non-deficient Number, Integers (2025) Vol. 25, Art. No. A59. See p. 1.
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index entries for sequences where any odd perfect numbers must occur

See A000043 for the current state of knowledge about Mersenne primes.
Cf. A007539, A005820, A027687, A046060, A046061, A000668, A090748, A133033, A000217, A000384, A019279, A061652, A006516, A144912, A153800, A007593, A220290, A028499-A028502, A034916, A065549, A275496, A063752, A156552, A152921, A324201.
Cf. A228058 for Euler's criterion for odd terms.
Positions of 0's in A033879 and in A033880.
Subsequence of following sequences: A005835, A006039, A007691, A023196, A043305, A065997, A083207, A109510, A118372, A216782, A246282, A263837, A294900, A333646, A334410, A335267, A336702, A341622, A342922, A344755, A352739, A357462, and (the even terms), of: A005153, A063752, A174973, A336547, A338520.
Cf. A001065.

a000396 n = a000396_list !! (n-1)
a000396_list = [x | x <- [1..], a000203 x == 2 * x]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 20 2012

Select[Range[9000], DivisorSigma[1,#]== 2*# &] (* G. C. Greubel, Oct 03 2017 *)
PerfectNumber[Range[15]] (* Requires Mathematica version 10 or later *) (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 10 2018 *)

PARI
```
isA000396(n) = (sigma(n) == 2*n);
```

from sympy import divisor_sigma
def ok(n): return n > 0 and divisor_sigma(n) == 2*n
print([k for k in range(9999) if ok(k)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Mar 12 2022

The perfect number N = 2^(p-1)*(2^p - 1) is also multiplicatively p-perfect (i.e., A007955(N) = N^p), since tau(N) = 2*p. - Lekraj Beedassy, Sep 21 2004
a(n) = 2^A133033(n) - 2^A090748(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Feb 28 2008
a(n) = A000668(n)*(A000668(n)+1)/2, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Apr 23 2008
a(n) = A000217(A000668(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008
a(n) = Sum of the first A000668(n) positive integers, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008
a(n) = A000384(A019279(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers and no odd superperfect numbers. a(n) = A000384(A061652(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 17 2008
a(n) = A006516(A000043(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 30 2008
From Reikku Kulon, Oct 14 2008: (Start)
A144912(2, a(n)) = 1;
A144912(4, a(n)) = -1 for n > 1;
A144912(8, a(n)) = 5 or -5 for all n except 2;
A144912(16, a(n)) = -4 or -13 for n > 1. (End)
a(n) = A019279(n)*A000668(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers and odd superperfect numbers. a(n) = A061652(n)*A000668(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 09 2009
a(n) = A007691(A153800(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 14 2009
Even perfect numbers N = K*A000203(K), where K = A019279(n) = 2^(p-1), A000203(A019279(n)) = A000668(n) = 2^p - 1 = M(p), p = A000043(n). - Lekraj Beedassy, May 02 2009
a(n) = A060286(A016027(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Dec 13 2012
For n >= 2, a(n) = Sum_{k=1..A065549(n)} (2*k-1)^3, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Derek Orr, Sep 28 2013
a(n) = A275496(2^((A000043(n) - 1)/2)) - 2^A000043(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Daniel Poveda Parrilla, Aug 16 2016
a(n) = A156552(A324201(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Antti Karttunen, Mar 28 2019
a(n) = ((2^(A000043(n)))^3 - (2^(A000043(n)) - 1)^3 - 1)/6, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Jules Beauchamp, Jun 06 2025

I removed a large number of comments that assumed there are no odd perfect numbers. There were so many it was getting hard to tell which comments were true and which were conjectures. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 16 2023

Reference to Albert H. Beiler's book updated by Harvey P. Dale, Jan 13 2025

A001065 Sum of proper divisors (or aliquot parts) of n: sum of divisors of n that are less than n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 6, 1, 7, 4, 8, 1, 16, 1, 10, 9, 15, 1, 21, 1, 22, 11, 14, 1, 36, 6, 16, 13, 28, 1, 42, 1, 31, 15, 20, 13, 55, 1, 22, 17, 50, 1, 54, 1, 40, 33, 26, 1, 76, 8, 43, 21, 46, 1, 66, 17, 64, 23, 32, 1, 108, 1, 34, 41, 63, 19, 78, 1, 58, 27, 74, 1, 123, 1, 40, 49, 64, 19, 90, 1, 106

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, R. K. Guy

Also total number of parts in all partitions of n into equal parts that do not contain 1 as a part. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 16 2013
Related concepts: If a(n) < n, n is said to be deficient, if a(n) > n, n is abundant, and if a(n) = n, n is perfect. If there is a cycle of length 2, so that a(n) = b and a(b) = n, b and n are said to be amicable. If there is a longer cycle, the numbers in the cycle are said to be sociable. See examples. - Juhani Heino, Jul 17 2017
Sum of the smallest parts in the partitions of n into two parts such that the smallest part divides the largest. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Dec 22 2017
a(n) is also the total number of parts congruent to 0 mod k in the partitions of k*n into equal parts that do not contain k as a part (the comment dated Jan 16 2013 is the case for k = 1). - Omar E. Pol, Nov 23 2019
Fixed points are in A000396. - Alois P. Heinz, Mar 10 2024

			x^2 + x^3 + 3*x^4 + x^5 + 6*x^6 + x^7 + 7*x^8 + 4*x^9 + 8*x^10 + x^11 + ...
For n = 44, sum of divisors of n = sigma(n) = 84; so a(44) = 84-44 = 40.
Related concepts: (Start)
From 1 to 17, all n are deficient, except 6 and 12 seen below. See A005100.
Abundant numbers: a(12) = 16, a(18) = 21. See A005101.
Perfect numbers: a(6) = 6, a(28) = 28. See A000396.
Amicable numbers: a(220) = 284, a(284) = 220. See A259180.
Sociable numbers: 12496 -> 14288 -> 15472 -> 14536 -> 14264 -> 12496. See A122726. (End)
For n = 10 the sum of the divisors of 10 that are less than 10 is 1 + 2 + 5 = 8. On the other hand, the partitions of 10 into equal parts that do not contain 1 as a part are [10], [5,5], [2,2,2,2,2], there are 8 parts, so a(10) = 8. - _Omar E. Pol_, Nov 24 2019

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), p. 840.
George E. Andrews, Number Theory. New York: Dover, 1994; Pages 1, 75-92; p. 92 #15: Sigma(n) / d(n) >= n^(1/2).
Carl Pomerance, The first function and its iterates, pp. 125-138 in Connections in Discrete Mathematics, ed. S. Butler et al., Cambridge, 2018.
H. J. J. te Riele, Perfect numbers and aliquot sequences, pp. 77-94 in J. van de Lune, ed., Studieweek "Getaltheorie en Computers", published by Math. Centrum, Amsterdam, Sept. 1980.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 91.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972. [alternative scanned copy].
Joerg Arndt, On computing the generalized Lambert series, arXiv:1202.6525v3 [math.CA], (2012).
Henry Bottomley, Illustration of initial terms
K. Chum, R. K. Guy, M. J. Jacobson, Jr., and A. S. Mosunov, Numerical and statistical analysis of aliquot sequences, Exper. Math. 29 (2020), no. 4, 414-425; arXiv:2110.14136, Oct. 2021 [math.NT].
Don Coppersmith, An answer to the problem of Don Saari, 1987.
Paul Erdős, Andrew Granville, Carl Pomerance and Claudia Spiro, On the normal behavior of the iterates of some arithmetic functions, Analytic number theory, Birkhäuser Boston, 1990, pp. 165-204.
Paul Erdős, Andrew Granville, Carl Pomerance and Claudia Spiro, On the normal behavior of the iterates of some arithmetic functions, Analytic number theory, Birkhäuser Boston, 1990, pp. 165-204. [Annotated copy with A-numbers]
Passawan Noppakaew and Prapanpong Pongsriiam, Product of Some Polynomials and Arithmetic Functions, J. Int. Seq. (2023) Vol. 26, Art. 23.9.1.
P. Pollack and C. Pomerance, Some problems of Erdős on the sum-of-divisors function, For Richard Guy on his 99th birthday: May his sequence be unbounded, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. Ser. B 3 (2016), 1-26; errata.
Carl Pomerance and Hee-Sung Yang, Variant of a theorem of Erdős on the sum-of-proper-divisors function, Math. Comp., to appear (2014).
Primefan, Sums of Restricted Divisors for n=1 to 1000
F. Richman, Aliquot series: Abundant, deficient, perfect
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Restricted Divisor Function
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Divisor Function
Index entries for "core" sequences

Least inverse: A070015, A359132.
Values taken: A078923, values not taken: A005114.
Records: A034090, A034091.
First differences: A053246, partial sums: A153485.
a(n) = n - A033879(n) = n + A033880(n). - Omar E. Pol, Dec 30 2013
Row sums of A141846 and of A176891. - Gary W. Adamson, May 02 2010
Row sums of A176079. - Mats Granvik, May 20 2012
Alternating row sums of A231347. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 02 2014
a(n) = sum (A027751(n,k): k = 1..A000005(n)-1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 05 2013
For n > 1: a(n) = A240698(n,A000005(n)-1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 10 2014
A134675(n) = A007434(n) + a(n). - Conjectured by John Mason and proved by Max Alekseyev, Jan 07 2015
Cf. A032741, A000203, A048050, A000593, A027750.
Cf. A051953, A051731.
Cf. A037020 (primes), A053868, A053869 (odd and even terms).
Cf. A048138 (number of occurrences), A238895, A238896 (record values thereof).
Cf. A007956 (products of proper divisors).
Cf. A005100, A005101, A000396, A259180, A122726 (related concepts).

a001065 n = a000203 n - n  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 15 2011

[SumOfDivisors(n)-n: n in [1..100]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, May 06 2015

A001065 := proc(n)
    numtheory[sigma](n)-n ;
end proc:
seq( A001065(n),n=1..100) ;

Table[ Plus @@ Select[ Divisors[ n ], #Zak Seidov, Sep 10 2009 *)
Table[DivisorSigma[1, n] - n, {n, 1, 80}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 25 2013 *)
Array[Plus @@ Most@ Divisors@# &, 80] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Dec 24 2017 *)

numlib::sigma(n)-n$ n=1..81 // Zerinvary Lajos, May 13 2008

{a(n) = if( n==0, 0, sigma(n) - n)} /* Michael Somos, Sep 20 2011 */

from sympy import divisor_sigma
def A001065(n): return divisor_sigma(n)-n # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 04 2022

[sigma(n, 1)-n for n in range(1, 81)] # Stefano Spezia, Jul 14 2025

G.f.: Sum_{k>0} k * x^(2*k)/(1 - x^k). - Michael Somos, Jul 05 2006
a(n) = sigma(n) - n = A000203(n) - n. - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 02 2005
a(n) = A155085(-n). - Michael Somos, Sep 20 2011
Equals inverse Mobius transform of A051953 = A051731 * A051953. Example: a(6) = 6 = (1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1) dot (0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 4) = (0 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4), where A051953 = (0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 4, 3, 6, 1, 8, ...) and (1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1) = row 6 of A051731 where the 1's positions indicate the factors of 6. - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 11 2008
a(n) = A006128(n) - A220477(n) - n. - Omar E. Pol Jan 17 2013
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..floor(n/2)} i*(1-ceiling(frac(n/i))). - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Oct 25 2013
Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(s-1)*(zeta(s) - 1). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Aug 07 2016
a(n) = 1 + A048050(n), n > 1. - R. J. Mathar, Mar 13 2018
Erdős (Elem. Math. 28 (1973), 83-86) shows that the density of even integers in the range of a(n) is strictly less than 1/2. The argument of Coppersmith (1987) shows that the range of a(n) has density at most 47/48 < 1. - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 21 2019
G.f.: Sum_{k >= 2} x^k/(1 - x^k)^2. Cf. A296955. (This follows from the fact that if g(z) = Sum_{n >= 1} a(n)*z^n and f(z) = Sum_{n >= 1} a(n)*z^(N*n)/(1 - z^n) then f(z) = Sum_{k >= N} g(z^k), taking a(n) = n and N = 2.) - Peter Bala, Jan 13 2021
Faster converging g.f.: Sum_{n >= 1} q^(n*(n+1))*(n*q^(3*n+2) - (n + 1)*q^(2*n+1) - (n - 1)*q^(n+1) + n)/((1 - q^n)*(1 - q^(n+1))^2). (In equation 1 in Arndt, after combining the two n = 0 summands to get -t/(1 - t), apply the operator t*d/dt to the resulting equation and then set t = q and x = 1.) - Peter Bala, Jan 22 2021
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} d * (1 - [n = d]), where [ ] is the Iverson bracket. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jan 28 2021
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} ((n-1) mod i) - (n mod i). [See also A176079.] - José de Jesús Camacho Medina, Feb 23 2021

A005101 Abundant numbers (sum of divisors of m exceeds 2m).

Original entry on oeis.org

12, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 42, 48, 54, 56, 60, 66, 70, 72, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 96, 100, 102, 104, 108, 112, 114, 120, 126, 132, 138, 140, 144, 150, 156, 160, 162, 168, 174, 176, 180, 186, 192, 196, 198, 200, 204, 208, 210, 216, 220, 222, 224, 228, 234, 240, 246, 252, 258, 260, 264, 270

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

A number m is abundant if sigma(m) > 2m (this sequence), perfect if sigma(m) = 2m (cf. A000396), or deficient if sigma(m) < 2m (cf. A005100), where sigma(m) is the sum of the divisors of m (A000203).
While the first even abundant number is 12 = 2^2*3, the first odd abundant is 945 = 3^3*5*7, the 232nd abundant number!
It appears that for m abundant and > 23, 2*A001055(m) - A101113(m) is NOT 0. - Eric Desbiaux, Jun 01 2009
If m is a term so is every positive multiple of m. "Primitive" terms are in A091191.
If m=6k (k>=2), then sigma(m) >= 1 + k + 2*k + 3*k + 6*k > 12*k = 2*m. Thus all such m are in the sequence.
According to Deléglise (1998), the abundant numbers have natural density 0.2474 < A(2) < 0.2480. Thus the n-th abundant number is asymptotic to 4.0322*n < n/A(2) < 4.0421*n. - Daniel Forgues, Oct 11 2015
From Bob Selcoe, Mar 28 2017 (prompted by correspondence with Peter Seymour): (Start)
Applying similar logic as the proof that all multiples of 6 >= 12 appear in the sequence, for all odd primes p:
i) all numbers of the form j*p*2^k (j >= 1) appear in the sequence when p < 2^(k+1) - 1;
ii) no numbers appear when p > 2^(k+1) - 1 (i.e., are deficient and are in A005100);
iii) when p = 2^(k+1) - 1 (i.e., perfect numbers, A000396), j*p*2^k (j >= 2) appear.
Note that redundancies are eliminated when evaluating p only in the interval [2^k, 2^(k+1)].
The first few even terms not of the forms i or iii are {70, 350, 490, 550, 572, 650, 770, ...}. (End)

L. E. Dickson, Theorems and tables on the sum of the divisors of a number, Quart. J. Pure Appl. Math., Vol. 44 (1913), pp. 264-296.
Richard K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3rd Edition, Springer, 2004, Section B2, pp. 74-84.
Clifford A. Pickover, A Passion for Mathematics, Wiley, 2005; see p. 59.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 128.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
J. Britton, Perfect Number Analyser.
C. K. Caldwell, The Prime Glossary, abundant number.
Marc Deléglise, Bounds for the density of abundant integers, Experiment. Math., Volume 7, Issue 2 (1998), pp. 137-143.
Jason Earls, On Smarandache repunit n numbers, in Smarandache Notions Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004), page 243.
S. Flora Jeba, Anirban Roy, and Manjil P. Saikia, On k-Facile Perfect Numbers, Algebra and Its Applications (ICAA-2023) Springer Proc. Math. Stat., Vol. 474, 111-121. See p. 112.
Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, The zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, arXiv:1505.07229v3 [math.AG], 2015. [A later version of this paper has a different title and different contents, and the number-theoretical part of the paper was moved to the publication below.]
Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, Complete determination of the zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, arXiv:1610.07793 [math.NT], 2016.
Walter Nissen, Abundancy : Some Resources .
Paul Pollack and Carl Pomerance, Some problems of Erdős on the sum-of-divisors function, For Richard Guy on his 99th birthday: May his sequence be unbounded, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. Ser. B, Vol. 3 (2016), pp. 1-26; Errata.
Tyler Ross, A Perfect Number Generalization and Some Euclid-Euler Type Results, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 27 (2024), Article 24.7.5. See p. 10.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundant Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundance.
Wikipedia, Abundant number.
Index entries for "core" sequences.

Cf. A005835, A005100, A091194, A091196, A080224, A091191 (primitive).
Cf. A005231 and A006038 (odd abundant numbers).
Cf. A094268 (n consecutive abundant numbers).
Cf. A173490 (even abundant numbers).
Cf. A001065.
Cf. A000396 (perfect numbers).
Cf. A302991.

a005101 n = a005101_list !! (n-1)
a005101_list = filter (\x -> a001065 x > x) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 01 2015, Jan 21 2013

with(numtheory): for n from 1 to 270 do if sigma(n)>2*n then printf(`%d,`,n) fi: od:
isA005101 := proc(n)
    simplify(numtheory[sigma](n) > 2*n) ;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Jun 18 2015
A005101 := proc(n)
    option remember ;
    local a ;
    if n =1 then
        12 ;
    else
        a := procname(n-1)+1 ;
        while numtheory[sigma](a) <= 2*a do
            a := a+1 ;
        end do ;
        a ;
    end if ;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Oct 11 2017

abQ[n_] := DivisorSigma[1, n] > 2n; A005101 = Select[ Range[270], abQ[ # ] &] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Sep 15 2005 *)
Select[Range[300], DivisorSigma[1, #] > 2 # &] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Oct 12 2015 *)

isA005101(n) = (sigma(n) > 2*n) \\ Michael B. Porter, Nov 07 2009

from sympy import divisors
def ok(n): return sum(divisors(n)) > 2*n
print(list(filter(ok, range(1, 271)))) # Michael S. Branicky, Aug 29 2021

from sympy import divisor_sigma
from itertools import count, islice
def A005101_gen(startvalue=1): return filter(lambda n:divisor_sigma(n) > 2*n, count(max(startvalue, 1))) # generator of terms >= startvalue
A005101_list = list(islice(A005101_gen(), 20)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 14 2022

a(n) is asymptotic to C*n with C=4.038... (Deléglise, 1998). - Benoit Cloitre, Sep 04 2002
A005101 = { n | A033880(n) > 0 }. - M. F. Hasler, Apr 19 2012
A001065(a(n)) > a(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 01 2015

A033879 Deficiency of n, or 2n - (sum of divisors of n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 1, 4, 0, 6, 1, 5, 2, 10, -4, 12, 4, 6, 1, 16, -3, 18, -2, 10, 8, 22, -12, 19, 10, 14, 0, 28, -12, 30, 1, 18, 14, 22, -19, 36, 16, 22, -10, 40, -12, 42, 4, 12, 20, 46, -28, 41, 7, 30, 6, 52, -12, 38, -8, 34, 26, 58, -48, 60, 28, 22, 1, 46, -12, 66, 10, 42, -4, 70, -51

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Records for the sequence of the absolute values are in A075728 and the indices of these records in A074918. - R. J. Mathar, Mar 02 2007
a(n) = 1 iff n is a power of 2. a(n) = n - 1 iff n is prime. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 30 2014
If a(n) = 1 then n is called a least deficient number or an almost perfect number. All the powers of 2 are least deficient numbers but it is not known if there exists a least deficient number that is not a power of 2. See A000079. - Jianing Song, Oct 13 2019
It is not known whether there are any -1's in this sequence. See comment in A033880. - Antti Karttunen, Feb 02 2020

			For n = 10 the divisors of 10 are 1, 2, 5, 10, so the deficiency of 10 is 10 minus the sum of its proper divisors or simply 10 - 5 - 2 - 1 = 2. - _Omar E. Pol_, Dec 27 2013

Richard K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3rd Edition, Springer, 2004, Section B2, pp. 74-84.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 147.

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..25000 [First 2000 terms from T. D. Noe, terms up to 16384 from Antti Karttunen]
Nichole Davis, Dominic Klyve and Nicole Kraght, On the difference between an integer and the sum of its proper divisors, Involve, Vol. 6 (2013), No. 4, 493-504; DOI: 10.2140/involve.2013.6.493.
Jose A. B. Dris, Conditions Equivalent to the Descartes-Frenicle-Sorli Conjecture on Odd Perfect Numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.01868 [math.NT], 2016.
Jose Arnaldo B. Dris, Analysis of the Ratio D(n)/n, arXiv:1703.09077 [math.NT], 2017.
Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris, On a curious biconditional involving the divisors of odd perfect numbers, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, 23(4) (2017), 1-13.
Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris and Immanuel Tobias San Diego, Some Modular Considerations Regarding Odd Perfect Numbers, arXiv:2002.12139 [math.NT], 2020.
Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris and Doli-Jane Uvales Tejada, Conditions equivalent to the Descartes-Frenicle-Sorli Conjecture on odd perfect numbers - Part II, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics (2018) Vol. 24, No. 3, 62-67.
Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris and Doli-Jane Uvales Tejada, A note on the OEIS sequence A228059, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics (2019) Vol. 25, No. 1, 199-205.
Index entries for sequences related to sigma(n).

Cf. A000396 (positions of zeros), A005100 (of positive terms), A005101 (of negative terms).
Cf. A000203, A033880, A074918, A075728, A192895, A286385, A286449, A295881, A295882.
Cf. A083254 (Möbius transform), A228058, A296074, A296075, A323910, A325636, A325826, A325970, A325976.
Cf. A141545 (positions of a(n) = -12).
For this sequence applied to various permutations of natural numbers and some other sequences, see A323174, A323244, A324055, A324185, A324546, A324574, A324575, A324654, A325379.

with(numtheory): A033879:=n->2*n-sigma(n): seq(A033879(n), n=1..100);

Table[2n-DivisorSigma[1,n],{n,80}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 24 2011 *)

a(n)=2*n-sigma(n) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Oct 13 2016

from sympy import divisor_sigma
def A033879(n): return (n<<1)-divisor_sigma(n) # Chai Wah Wu, Apr 13 2024

[2*n-sigma(n, 1) for n in range(1, 73)] # Stefano Spezia, Jul 18 2025

a(n) = -A033880(n).
a(n) = A005843(n) - A000203(n). - Omar E. Pol, Dec 14 2008
a(n) = n - A001065(n). - Omar E. Pol, Dec 27 2013
G.f.: 2*x/(1 - x)^2 - Sum_{k>=1} k*x^k/(1 - x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jan 24 2017
a(n) = A286385(n) - A252748(n). - Antti Karttunen, May 13 2017
From Antti Karttunen, Dec 29 2017: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A083254(d).
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A008683(n/d)*A296075(d).
a(n) = A065620(A295881(n)) = A117966(A295882(n)).
a(n) = A294898(n) + A000120(n).
(End)
From Antti Karttunen, Jun 03 2019: (Start)
Sequence can be represented in arbitrarily many ways as a difference of the form (n - f(n)) - (g(n) - n), where f and g are any two sequences whose sum f(n)+g(n) = sigma(n). Here are few examples:
a(n) = A325314(n) - A325313(n) = A325814(n) - A034460(n) = A325978(n) - A325977(n).
a(n) = A325976(n) - A325826(n) = A325959(n) - A325969(n) = A003958(n) - A324044(n).
a(n) = A326049(n) - A326050(n) = A326055(n) - A326054(n) = A326044(n) - A326045(n).
a(n) = A326058(n) - A326059(n) = A326068(n) - A326067(n).
a(n) = A326128(n) - A326127(n) = A066503(n) - A326143(n).
a(n) = A318878(n) - A318879(n).
a(A228058(n)) = A325379(n). (End)
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ c * n^2, where c = 1 - Pi^2/12 = 0.177532... . - Amiram Eldar, Dec 07 2023

Definition corrected by N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 04 2005

A028982 Squares and twice squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 16, 18, 25, 32, 36, 49, 50, 64, 72, 81, 98, 100, 121, 128, 144, 162, 169, 196, 200, 225, 242, 256, 288, 289, 324, 338, 361, 392, 400, 441, 450, 484, 512, 529, 576, 578, 625, 648, 676, 722, 729, 784, 800, 841, 882, 900, 961, 968, 1024

Offset: 1

Patrick De Geest

Numbers n such that sum of divisors of n (A000203) is odd.
Also the numbers with an odd number of run sums (trapezoidal arrangements, number of ways of being written as the difference of two triangular numbers). - Ron Knott, Jan 27 2003
Pell(n)*Sum_{k|n} 1/Pell(k) is odd, where Pell(n) is A000129(n). - Paul Barry, Oct 12 2005
Number of odd divisors of n (A001227) is odd. - Vladeta Jovovic, Aug 28 2007
A071324(a(n)) is odd. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 03 2008
Sigma(a(n)) = A000203(a(n)) = A152677(n). - Jaroslav Krizek, Oct 06 2009
Numbers n such that sum of odd divisors of n (A000593) is odd. - Omar E. Pol, Jul 05 2016
A187793(a(n)) is odd. - Timothy L. Tiffin, Jul 18 2016
If k is odd (k = 2m+1 for m >= 0), then 2^k = 2^(2m+1) = 2*(2^m)^2.  If k is even (k = 2m for m >= 0), then 2^k = 2^(2m) = (2^m)^2.  So, the powers of 2 sequence (A000079) is a subsequence of this one. - Timothy L. Tiffin, Jul 18 2016
Numbers n such that A175317(n) = Sum_{d|n} pod(d) is odd, where pod(m) = the product of divisors of m (A007955). - Jaroslav Krizek, Dec 28 2016
Positions of zeros in A292377 and A292383, positions of ones in A286357 and A292583. (See A292583 for why.) - Antti Karttunen, Sep 25 2017
Numbers of the form A000079(i)*A016754(j), i,j>=0. - R. J. Mathar, May 30 2020
Equivalently, numbers whose odd part is square. Cf. A042968. - Peter Munn, Jul 14 2020
These are the Heinz numbers of the partitions counted by A119620. - Gus Wiseman, Oct 29 2021
Numbers m whose abundance, A033880(m), is odd. - Peter Munn, May 23 2022
Numbers with an odd number of middle divisors (cf. A067742). - Omar E. Pol, Aug 02 2022

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
Tewodros Amdeberhan, Victor H. Moll, Vaishavi Sharma, and Diego Villamizar, Arithmetic properties of the sum of divisors, arXiv:2007.03088 [math.NT], 2020. See p. 5.
J. N. Cooper and A. W. N. Riasanovsky, On the Reciprocal of the Binary Generating Function for the Sum of Divisors, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (2013), #13.1.8.
Patrick De Geest, World!Of Numbers
John S. Rutherford, Sublattice enumeration. IV. Equivalence classes of plane sublattices by parent Patterson symmetry and colour lattice group type, Acta Cryst. (2009). A65, 156-163.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundance

Complement of A028983.
Characteristic function is A053866, A093709.
Odd terms in A178910.
Cf. A000203, A000290, A000593, A001105, A042968, A187793.
Supersequence of A000079.
Cf. A028260, A033880, A046951, A067742.
Cf. A119620, A119899, A347437, A347438, A348550.

import Data.List.Ordered (union)
a028982 n = a028982_list !! (n-1)
a028982_list = tail $ union a000290_list a001105_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 27 2015

Take[ Sort[ Flatten[ Table[{n^2, 2n^2}, {n, 35}] ]], 57] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 27 2004 *)

list(lim)=vecsort(concat(vector(sqrtint(lim\1),i,i^2), vector(sqrtint(lim\2),i,2*i^2))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 16 2011

from itertools import count, islice
from sympy.ntheory.primetest import is_square
def A028982_gen(startvalue=1): # generator of terms >= startvalue
    return filter(lambda n:int(is_square(n) or is_square(n<<1)),count(max(startvalue,1)))
A028982_list = list(islice(A028982_gen(),30)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 09 2023

from math import isqrt
def A028982(n):
    def f(x): return n-1+x-isqrt(x)-isqrt(x>>1)
    kmin, kmax = 1,2
    while f(kmax) >= kmax:
        kmax <<= 1
    while True:
        kmid = kmax+kmin>>1
        if f(kmid) < kmid:
            kmax = kmid
        else:
            kmin = kmid
        if kmax-kmin <= 1:
            break
    return kmax # Chai Wah Wu, Aug 22 2024

A001105 UNION A000290.
a(n) is asymptotic to c*n^2 with c = 2/(1+sqrt(2))^2 = 0.3431457.... - Benoit Cloitre, Sep 17 2002
In particular, a(n) = c*n^2 + O(n). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 11 2013
a(A003152(n)) = n^2; a(A003151(n)) = 2*n^2. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Oct 09 2013
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = Pi^2/4. - Amiram Eldar, Jun 28 2020

A053866 Parity of A000203(n), the sum of the divisors of n; a(n) = 1 when n is a square or twice a square, 0 otherwise.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0

Offset: 1

Henry Bottomley, Mar 29 2000

Also parity of A001227, the number of odd divisors of n. - Omar E. Pol, Apr 04 2016
Also parity of A000593, the sum of odd divisors of n. - Omar E. Pol, Apr 05 2016
Characteristic function of A028982. - Antti Karttunen, Sep 25 2017
It appears that this is also the parity of A067742, the number of middle divisors of n. - Omar E. Pol, Mar 18 2018
Also parity of the deficiency of n (A033879) and of the abundance of n (A033880). - Omar E. Pol, Nov 02 2024

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..65536
J. N. Cooper and A. W. N. Riasanovsky, On the Reciprocal of the Binary Generating Function for the Sum of Divisors, 2012.
J. N. Cooper and A. W. N. Riasanovsky, On the Reciprocal of the Binary Generating Function for the Sum of Divisors, J. Int. Seq. 16 (2013) #13.1.8.
Michael Gilleland, Some Self-Similar Integer Sequences
Index entries for characteristic functions

Essentially same as A093709.

Cf. A000203, A000593, A001227, A028982, A033879, A033880, A286357, A292583, A295896, A019590, A025441, A145393, A359548 (Dirichlet inverse).

A053866:= (n -> numtheory[sigma](n) mod 2):
seq (A053866(n), n=0..104); # Jani Melik, Jan 28 2011

Mod[DivisorSigma[1,Range[110]],2] (* Harvey P. Dale, Sep 04 2017 *)

{a(n) = if( n<1, 0, issquare(n) || issquare(2*n))} /* Michael Somos, Apr 12 2004 */

from sympy.ntheory.primetest import is_square
def A053866(n): return int(is_square(n) or is_square(n<<1)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 09 2023

a(n) = A000203(n) mod 2. a(n)=1 iff n>0 is a square or twice a square.
Multiplicative with a(2^e)=1, a(p^e)=1 if e even, 0 otherwise.
a(n) = A093709(n) if n>0.
Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(2s)(1+2^-s). - Michael Somos, Apr 12 2004
a(n) = A001157(n) mod 2. - R. J. Mathar, Apr 02 2011
a(n) = floor(sqrt(n)) + floor(sqrt(n/2)) - floor(sqrt(n-1))-floor(sqrt((n-1)/2)). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Oct 15 2013
a(n) = A000035(A000203(n)). - Omar E. Pol, Oct 26 2013
a(n) = A063524(A286357(n)) = A063524(A292583(n)). - Antti Karttunen, Sep 25 2017
a(n) = A295896(A156552(n)). - Antti Karttunen, Dec 02 2017
a(n) = Sum_{ m: m^2|n } A019590(n/m^2). - Andrey Zabolotskiy, May 07 2018
G.f.: (theta_3(x) + theta_3(x^2))/2 - 1. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, May 23 2019
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ (1 + 1/sqrt(2)) * sqrt(n). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Oct 16 2020

More terms from James Sellers, Apr 08 2000

Alternative description added to the name by Antti Karttunen, Sep 25 2017

cp's OEIS Frontend

A182227 Sum of divisors of the abundant number m = A005101(n) which are smaller than its abundance A033880(m).

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A335253 Numbers k such that the abundance (A033880) of k is equal to the deficiency (A033879) of k+2.

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A377134 Abundant numbers k such that k^2 + A033880(k)^2 is a perfect square.

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A335255 Numbers k such that ab(k) + ab(k+1) + ab(k+2) = 0, where ab(k) is the abundance of k (A033880).

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A000396 Perfect numbers k: k is equal to the sum of the proper divisors of k.

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A001065 Sum of proper divisors (or aliquot parts) of n: sum of divisors of n that are less than n.

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A005101 Abundant numbers (sum of divisors of m exceeds 2m).

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