A054726 -id:A054726 - cp's OEIS frontend

A085615 Duplicate of A054726.

1, 1, 2, 8, 48, 352, 2880, 25216, 231168, 2190848, 21292032, 211044352

Offset: 1

dead

A001006 Motzkin numbers: number of ways of drawing any number of nonintersecting chords joining n (labeled) points on a circle.

1, 1, 2, 4, 9, 21, 51, 127, 323, 835, 2188, 5798, 15511, 41835, 113634, 310572, 853467, 2356779, 6536382, 18199284, 50852019, 142547559, 400763223, 1129760415, 3192727797, 9043402501, 25669818476, 73007772802, 208023278209, 593742784829, 1697385471211

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of 4321-, (3412,2413)-, (3412,3142)- and 3412-avoiding involutions in S_n.
Number of sequences of length n-1 consisting of positive integers such that the first and last elements are 1 or 2 and the absolute difference between any 2 consecutive elements is 0 or 1. - Jon Perry, Sep 04 2003
From David Callan, Jul 15 2004: (Start)
Also number of Motzkin n-paths: paths from (0,0) to (n,0) in an n X n grid using only steps U = (1,1), F = (1,0) and D = (1,-1).
Number of Dyck n-paths with no UUU. (Given such a Dyck n-path, change each UUD to U, then change each remaining UD to F. This is a bijection to Motzkin n-paths. Example with n=5: U U D U D U U D D D -> U F U D D.)
Number of Dyck (n+1)-paths with no UDU. (Given such a Dyck (n+1)-path, mark each U that is followed by a D and each D that is not followed by a U. Then change each unmarked U whose matching D is marked to an F. Lastly, delete all the marked steps. This is a bijection to Motzkin n-paths. Example with n=6 and marked steps in small type: U U u d D U U u d d d D u d -> U U u d D F F u d d d D u d -> U U D F F D.) (End)
a(n) is the number of strings of length 2n+2 from the following recursively defined set: L contains the empty string and, for any strings a and b in L, we also find (ab) in L. The first few elements of L are e, (), (()), ((())), (()()), (((()))), ((()())), ((())()), (()(())) and so on. This proves that a(n) is less than or equal to C(n), the n-th Catalan number. See Orrick link (2024). - Saul Schleimer (saulsch(AT)math.rutgers.edu), Feb 23 2006 (Additional linked comment added by William P. Orrick, Jun 13 2024.)
a(n) = number of Dyck n-paths all of whose valleys have even x-coordinate (when path starts at origin). For example, T(4,2)=3 counts UDUDUUDD, UDUUDDUD, UUDDUDUD. Given such a path, split it into n subpaths of length 2 and transform UU->U, DD->D, UD->F (there will be no DUs for that would entail a valley with odd x-coordinate). This is a bijection to Motzkin n-paths. - David Callan, Jun 07 2006
Also the number of standard Young tableaux of height <= 3. - Mike Zabrocki, Mar 24 2007
a(n) is the number of RNA shapes of size 2n+2. RNA Shapes are essentially Dyck words without "directly nested" motifs of the form A[[B]]C, for A, B and C Dyck words. The first RNA Shapes are []; [][]; [][][], [[][]]; [][][][], [][[][]], [[][][]], [[][]][]; ... - Yann Ponty (ponty(AT)lri.fr), May 30 2007
The sequence is self-generated from top row A going to the left starting (1,1) and bottom row = B, the same sequence but starting (0,1) and going to the right. Take dot product of A and B and add the result to n-th term of A to get the (n+1)-th term of A. Example: a(5) = 21 as follows: Take dot product of A = (9, 4, 2, 1, 1) and (0, 1, 1, 2, 4) = (0, + 4 + 2 + 2 + 4) = 12; which is added to 9 = 21. - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 27 2008
Equals A005773 / A005773 shifted (i.e., (1,2,5,13,35,96,...) / (1,1,2,5,13,35,96,...)). - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 21 2008
Starting with offset 1 = iterates of M * [1,1,0,0,0,...], where M = a tridiagonal matrix with [0,1,1,1,...] in the main diagonal and [1,1,1,...] in the super and subdiagonals. - Gary W. Adamson, Jan 07 2009
a(n) is the number of involutions of {1,2,...,n} having genus 0. The genus g(p) of a permutation p of {1,2,...,n} is defined by g(p)=(1/2)[n+1-z(p)-z(cp')], where p' is the inverse permutation of p, c = 234...n1 = (1,2,...,n), and z(q) is the number of cycles of the permutation q. Example: a(4)=9; indeed, p=3412=(13)(24) is the only involution of {1,2,3,4} with genus > 0. This follows easily from the fact that a permutation p of {1,2,...,n} has genus 0 if and only if the cycle decomposition of p gives a noncrossing partition of {1,2,...,n} and each cycle of p is increasing (see Lemma 2.1 of the Dulucq-Simion reference). [Also, redundantly, for p=3412=(13)(24) we have cp'=2341*3412=4123=(1432) and so g(p)=(1/2)(4+1-2-1)=1.] - Emeric Deutsch, May 29 2010
Let w(i,j,n) denote walks in N^2 which satisfy the multivariate recurrence w(i,j,n) = w(i, j + 1, n - 1) + w(i - 1, j, n - 1) + w(i + 1, j - 1, n - 1) with boundary conditions w(0,0,0) = 1 and w(i,j,n) = 0 if i or j or n is < 0. Then a(n) = Sum_{i = 0..n, j = 0..n} w(i,j,n) is the number of such walks of length n. - Peter Luschny, May 21 2011
a(n)/a(n-1) tends to 3.0 as N->infinity: (1+2*cos(2*Pi/N)) relating to longest odd N regular polygon diagonals, by way of example, N=7: Using the tridiagonal generator [cf. comment of Jan 07 2009], for polygon N=7, we extract an (N-1)/2 = 3 X 3 matrix, [0,1,0; 1,1,1; 0,1,1] with an e-val of 2.24697...; the longest Heptagon diagonal with edge = 1. As N tends to infinity, the diagonal lengths tend to 3.0, the convergent of the sequence. - Gary W. Adamson, Jun 08 2011
Number of (n+1)-length permutations avoiding the pattern 132 and the dotted pattern 23\dot{1}. - Jean-Luc Baril, Mar 07 2012
Number of n-length words w over alphabet {a,b,c} such that for every prefix z of w we have #(z,a) >= #(z,b) >= #(z,c), where #(z,x) counts the letters x in word z. The a(4) = 9 words are: aaaa, aaab, aaba, abaa, aabb, abab, aabc, abac, abca. - Alois P. Heinz, May 26 2012
Number of length-n restricted growth strings (RGS) [r(1), r(2), ..., r(n)] such that r(1)=1, r(k)<=k, and r(k)!=r(k-1); for example, the 9 RGS for n=4 are 1010, 1012, 1201, 1210, 1212, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1234. - Joerg Arndt, Apr 16 2013
Number of length-n restricted growth strings (RGS) [r(1), r(2), ..., r(n)] such that r(1)=0, r(k)<=k and r(k)-r(k-1) != 1; for example, the 9 RGS for n=4 are 0000, 0002, 0003, 0004, 0022, 0024, 0033, 0222, 0224. - Joerg Arndt, Apr 17 2013
Number of (4231,5276143)-avoiding involutions in S_n. - Alexander Burstein, Mar 05 2014
a(n) is the number of increasing unary-binary trees with n nodes that have an associated permutation that avoids 132. For more information about unary-binary trees with associated permutations, see A245888. - Manda Riehl, Aug 07 2014
a(n) is the number of involutions on [n] avoiding the single pattern p, where p is any one of the 8 (classical) patterns 1234, 1243, 1432, 2134, 2143, 3214, 3412, 4321. Also, number of (3412,2413)-, (3412,3142)-, (3412,2413,3142)-avoiding involutions on [n] because each of these 3 sets actually coincides with the 3412-avoiding involutions on [n]. This is a complete list of the 8 singles, 2 pairs, and 1 triple of 4-letter classical patterns whose involution avoiders are counted by the Motzkin numbers. (See Barnabei et al. 2011 reference.) - David Callan, Aug 27 2014
From Tony Foster III, Jul 28 2016: (Start)
A series created using 2*a(n) + a(n+1) has Hankel transform of F(2n), offset 3, F being the Fibonacci bisection, A001906 (empirical observation).
A series created using 2*a(n) + 3*a(n+1) + a(n+2) gives the Hankel transform of Sum_{k=0..n} k*Fibonacci(2*k), offset 3, A197649 (empirical observation). (End)
Conjecture: (2/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} (2k+1)*a(k)^2 is an integer for each positive integer n. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Nov 16 2017
The Rubey and Stump reference proves a refinement of a conjecture of René Marczinzik, which they state as: "The number of 2-Gorenstein algebras which are Nakayama algebras with n simple modules and have an oriented line as associated quiver equals the number of Motzkin paths of length n." - Eric M. Schmidt, Dec 16 2017
Number of U_{k}-equivalence classes of Łukasiewicz paths. Łukasiewicz paths are P-equivalent iff the positions of pattern P are identical in these paths. - Sergey Kirgizov, Apr 08 2018
If tau_1 and tau_2 are two distinct permutation patterns chosen from the set {132,231,312}, then a(n) is the number of valid hook configurations of permutations of [n+1] that avoid the patterns tau_1 and tau_2. - Colin Defant, Apr 28 2019
Number of permutations of length n that are sorted to the identity by a consecutive-321-avoiding stack followed by a classical-21-avoiding stack. - Colin Defant, Aug 29 2020
From Helmut Prodinger, Dec 13 2020: (Start)
a(n) is the number of paths in the first quadrant starting at (0,0) and consisting of n steps from the infinite set {(1,1), (1,-1), (1,-2), (1,-3), ...}.
For example, denoting U=(1,1), D=(1,-1), D_ j=(1,-j) for j >= 2, a(4) counts UUUU, UUUD, UUUD_2, UUUD_3, UUDU, UUDD, UUD_2U, UDUU, UDUD.
This step set is inspired by {(1,1), (1,-1), (1,-3), (1,-5), ...}, suggested by Emeric Deutsch around 2000.
See Prodinger link that contains a bijection to Motzkin paths. (End)
Named by Donaghey (1977) after the Israeli-American mathematician Theodore Motzkin (1908-1970). In Sloane's "A Handbook of Integer Sequences" (1973) they were called "generalized ballot numbers". - Amiram Eldar, Apr 15 2021
Number of Motzkin n-paths a(n) is split into A107587(n), number of even Motzkin n-paths, and A343386(n), number of odd Motzkin n-paths. The value A107587(n) - A343386(n) can be called the "shadow" of a(n) (see A343773). - Gennady Eremin, May 17 2021
Conjecture: If p is a prime of the form 6m+1 (A002476), then a(p-2) is divisible by p. Currently, no counterexample exists for p < 10^7. Personal communication from Robert Gerbicz: mod such p this is equivalent to A066796 with comment: "Every A066796(n) from A066796((p-1)/2) to A066796(p-1) is divisible by prime p of form 6m+1". - Serge Batalov, Feb 08 2022
From Rob Burns, Nov 11 2024: (Start)
The conjecture is proved in the 2017 paper by Rob Burns in the Links below. The result is contained in Tables 4 and 5 of the paper, which show that a(p-2) == 0 (mod p) when p == 1 (mod 6) and a(p-2) == -1 (mod p) when p == -1 (mod 6).
In fact, the 2017 paper by Burns establishes more general congruences for a(p^k - 2) where k >= 1.
If p == 1 (mod 6) then a(p^k - 2) == 0 (mod p) for k >= 1.
If p == -1 (mod 6) then a(p^k - 2) == -1 (mod p) when k is odd and a(p^k - 2) == 0 (mod p) when k is even.
These are consequences of the transitions provided in Tables 4, 5 and 6 of the paper.
The 2024 paper by Nadav Kohen also proves the conjecture. Proposition 6 of the paper states that a prime p divides a(p-2) if and only if p = (1 mod 3). (End)
From Peter Bala, Feb 10 2022: (Start)
Conjectures:
(1) For prime p == 1 (mod 6) and n, r >= 1, a(n*p^r - 2) == -A005717(n-1) (mod p), where we take A005717(0) = 0 to match Batalov's conjecture above.
(2) For prime p == 5 (mod 6) and n >= 1, a(n*p - 2) == -A005773(n) (mod p).
(3) For prime p >= 3 and k >= 1, a(n + p^k) == a(n) (mod p) for 0 <= n <= (p^k - 3).
(4) For prime p >= 5 and k >= 2, a(n + p^k) == a(n) (mod p^2) for 0 <= n <= (p^(k-1) - 3). (End)
The Hankel transform of this sequence with a(0) omitted gives the period-6 sequence [1, 0, -1, -1, 0, 1, ...] which is A010892 with its first term omitted, while the Hankel transform of the current sequence is the all-ones sequence A000012, and also it is the unique sequence with this property which is similar to the unique Hankel transform property of the Catalan numbers. - Michael Somos, Apr 17 2022
The number of terms in which the exponent of any variable x_i is not greater than 2 in the expansion of Product_{j=1..n} Sum_{i=1..j} x_i. E.g.: a(4) = 9: 3*x1^2*x2^2, 4*x1^2*x2*x3, 2*x1^2*x2*x4, x1^2*x3^2, x1^2*x3*x4, 2*x1*x2^2*x3, x1*x2^2*x4, x1*x2*x3^2, x1*x2*x3*x4. - Elif Baser, Dec 20 2024

			G.f.: 1 + x + 2*x^2 + 4*x^3 + 9*x^4 + 21*x^5 + 51*x^6 + 127*x^7 + 323*x^8 + ...
.
The 21 Motzkin-paths of length 5: UUDDF, UUDFD, UUFDD, UDUDF, UDUFD, UDFUD, UDFFF, UFUDD, UFDUD, UFDFF, UFFDF, UFFFD, FUUDD, FUDUD, FUDFF, FUFDF, FUFFD, FFUDF, FFUFD, FFFUD, FFFFF.

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Index entries for "core" sequences

Cf. A026300, A005717, A020474, A001850, A004148. First column of A064191, A064189, A000108, A088615, A007971, A001405, A005817, A049401, A007579, A007578, A097862, A005773, A178515, A217275. First row of A064645.
Bisections: A026945, A099250.
Sequences related to chords in a circle: A001006, A054726, A006533, A006561, A006600, A007569, A007678. See also entries for chord diagrams in Index file.
a(n) = A005043(n)+A005043(n+1).
A086246 is another version, although this is the main entry. Column k=3 of A182172.
Motzkin numbers A001006 read mod 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,11: A039963, A039964, A299919, A258712, A299920, A258711, A299918, A258710.
Cf. A004148, A004149, A023421, A023422, A023423, A290277 (inv. Euler Transf.).

a001006 n = a001006_list !! n
a001006_list = zipWith (+) a005043_list $ tail a005043_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 31 2012

# Three different Maple scripts for this sequence:
A001006 := proc(n)
    add(binomial(n,2*k)*A000108(k),k=0..floor(n/2)) ;
end proc:
A001006 := proc(n) option remember; local k; if n <= 1 then 1 else procname(n-1) + add(procname(k)*procname(n-k-2),k=0..n-2); end if; end proc:
# n -> [a(0),a(1),..,a(n)]
A001006_list := proc(n) local w, m, j, i; w := proc(i,j,n) option remember;
if min(i,j,n) < 0 or max(i,j) > n then 0
elif n = 0 then if i = 0 and j = 0 then 1 else 0 fi else
w(i, j + 1, n - 1) + w(i - 1, j, n - 1) + w(i + 1, j - 1, n - 1) fi end:
[seq( add( add( w(i, j, m), i = 0..m), j = 0..m), m = 0..n)] end:
A001006_list(29); # Peter Luschny, May 21 2011

a[0] = 1; a[n_Integer] := a[n] = a[n - 1] + Sum[a[k] * a[n - 2 - k], {k, 0, n - 2}]; Array[a, 30]
(* Second program: *)
CoefficientList[Series[(1 - x - (1 - 2x - 3x^2)^(1/2))/(2x^2), {x, 0, 29}], x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 29 2011 *)
Table[Hypergeometric2F1[(1-n)/2, -n/2, 2, 4], {n,0,29}] (* Peter Luschny, May 15 2016 *)
Table[GegenbauerC[n,-n-1,-1/2]/(n+1),{n,0,100}] (* Emanuele Munarini, Oct 20 2016 *)
MotzkinNumber = DifferenceRoot[Function[{y, n}, {(-3n-3)*y[n] + (-2n-5)*y[n+1] + (n+4)*y[n+2] == 0, y[0] == 1, y[1] == 1}]];
Table[MotzkinNumber[n], {n, 0, 29}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Oct 27 2021 *)

a[0]:1$
a[1]:1$
a[n]:=((2*n+1)*a[n-1]+(3*n-3)*a[n-2])/(n+2)$
makelist(a[n],n,0,12); /* Emanuele Munarini, Mar 02 2011 */

M(n) := coeff(expand((1+x+x^2)^(n+1)),x^n)/(n+1);
makelist(M(n),n,0,60); /* Emanuele Munarini, Apr 04 2012 */

makelist(ultraspherical(n,-n-1,-1/2)/(n+1),n,0,12); /* Emanuele Munarini, Oct 20 2016 */

{a(n) = polcoeff( ( 1 - x - sqrt((1 - x)^2 - 4 * x^2 + x^3 * O(x^n))) / (2 * x^2), n)}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 25 2003 */

{a(n) = if( n<0, 0, n++; polcoeff( serreverse( x / (1 + x + x^2) + x * O(x^n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 25 2003 */

{a(n) = if( n<0, 0, n! * polcoeff( exp(x + x * O(x^n)) * besseli(1, 2 * x + x * O(x^n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 25 2003 */

from gmpy2 import divexact
A001006 = [1, 1]
for n in range(2, 10**3):
    A001006.append(divexact(A001006[-1]*(2*n+1)+(3*n-3)*A001006[-2],n+2))
# Chai Wah Wu, Sep 01 2014

def mot():
    a, b, n = 0, 1, 1
    while True:
        yield b//n
        n += 1
        a, b = b, (3*(n-1)*n*a+(2*n-1)*n*b)//((n+1)*(n-1))
A001006 = mot()
print([next(A001006) for n in range(30)]) # Peter Luschny, May 16 2016

# A simple generator of Motzkin-paths (see the first comment of David Callan).
C = str.count
def aGen(n: int):
    a = [""]
    for w in a:
        if len(w) == n:
            if C(w, "U") == C(w, "D"): yield w
        else:
            for j in "UDF":
                u = w + j
                if C(u, "U") >= C(u, "D"): a += [u]
    return a
for n in range(6):
    MP = [w for w in aGen(n)];
    print(len(MP), ":", MP)  # Peter Luschny, Dec 03 2024

G.f.: A(x) = ( 1 - x - (1-2*x-3*x^2)^(1/2) ) / (2*x^2).
G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x) = 1 + x*A(x) + x^2*A(x)^2.
G.f.: F(x)/x where F(x) is the reversion of x/(1+x+x^2). - Joerg Arndt, Oct 23 2012
a(n) = (-1/2) Sum_{i+j = n+2, i >= 0, j >= 0} (-3)^i*C(1/2, i)*C(1/2, j).
a(n) = (3/2)^(n+2) * Sum_{k >= 1} 3^(-k) * Catalan(k-1) * binomial(k, n+2-k). [Doslic et al.]
a(n) ~ 3^(n+1)*sqrt(3)*(1 + 1/(16*n))/((2*n+3)*sqrt((n+2)*Pi)). [Barcucci, Pinzani and Sprugnoli]
Limit_{n->infinity} a(n)/a(n-1) = 3. [Aigner]
a(n+2) - a(n+1) = a(0)*a(n) + a(1)*a(n-1) + ... + a(n)*a(0). [Bernhart]
a(n) = (1/(n+1)) * Sum_{i} (n+1)!/(i!*(i+1)!*(n-2*i)!). [Bernhart]
From Len Smiley: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^(n-k)*binomial(n, k)*A000108(k+1), inv. Binomial Transform of A000108.
a(n) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{k=0..ceiling((n+1)/2)} binomial(n+1, k)*binomial(n+1-k, k-1);
D-finite with recurrence: (n+2)*a(n) = (2*n+1)*a(n-1) + (3*n-3)*a(n-2). (End)
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} C(n, 2k)*A000108(k). - Paul Barry, Jul 18 2003
E.g.f.: exp(x)*BesselI(1, 2*x)/x. - Vladeta Jovovic, Aug 20 2003
a(n) = A005043(n) + A005043(n+1).
The Hankel transform of this sequence gives A000012 = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...]. E.g., Det([1, 1, 2, 4; 1, 2, 4, 9; 2, 4, 9, 21; 4, 9, 21, 51]) = 1. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 23 2004
a(m+n) = Sum_{k>=0} A064189(m, k)*A064189(n, k). - Philippe Deléham, Mar 05 2004
a(n) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{j=0..floor(n/3)} (-1)^j*binomial(n+1, j)*binomial(2*n-3*j, n). - Emeric Deutsch, Mar 13 2004
a(n) = A086615(n) - A086615(n-1) (n >= 1). - Emeric Deutsch, Jul 12 2004
G.f.: A(x)=(1-y+y^2)/(1-y)^2 where (1+x)*(y^2-y)+x=0; A(x)=4*(1+x)/(1+x+sqrt(1-2*x-3*x^2))^2; a(n)=(3/4)*(1/2)^n*Sum_(k=0..2*n, 3^(n-k)*C(k)*C(k+1, n+1-k) ) + 0^n/4 [after Doslic et al.]. - Paul Barry, Feb 22 2005
G.f.: c(x^2/(1-x)^2)/(1-x), c(x) the g.f. of A000108. - Paul Barry, May 31 2006
Asymptotic formula: a(n) ~ sqrt(3/4/Pi)*3^(n+1)/n^(3/2). - Benoit Cloitre, Jan 25 2007
a(n) = A007971(n+2)/2. - Zerinvary Lajos, Feb 28 2007
a(n) = (1/(2*Pi))*Integral_{x=-1..3} x^n*sqrt((3-x)*(1+x)) is the moment representation. - Paul Barry, Sep 10 2007
Given an integer t >= 1 and initial values u = [a_0, a_1, ..., a_{t-1}], we may define an infinite sequence Phi(u) by setting a_n = a_{n-1} + a_0*a_{n-1} + a_1*a_{n-2} + ... + a_{n-2}*a_1 for n >= t. For example, Phi([1]) is the Catalan numbers A000108. The present sequence is Phi([0,1,1]), see the 6th formula. - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 27 2008
G.f.: 1/(1-x-x^2/(1-x-x^2/(1-x-x^2/(1-x-x^2/(1-x-x^2/.... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Dec 06 2008
G.f.: 1/(1-(x+x^2)/(1-x^2/(1-(x+x^2)/(1-x^2/(1-(x+x^2)/(1-x^2/(1-.... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Feb 08 2009
a(n) = (-3)^(1/2)/(6*(n+2)) * (-1)^n*(3*hypergeom([1/2, n+1],[1],4/3) - hypergeom([1/2, n+2],[1],4/3)). - Mark van Hoeij, Nov 12 2009
G.f.: 1/(1-x/(1-x/(1-x^2/(1-x/(1-x/(1-x^2/(1-x/(1-x/(1-x^2/(1-... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Mar 02 2010
G.f.: 1/(1-x/(1-x/(1+x-x/(1-x/(1+x-x/(1-x/(1+x-x/(1-x/(1+x-x/(1-... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Jan 26 2011 [Adds apparently a third '1' in front. - R. J. Mathar, Jan 29 2011]
Let A(x) be the g.f., then B(x)=1+x*A(x) = 1 + 1*x + 1*x^2 + 2*x^3 + 4*x^4 + 9*x^5 + ... = 1/(1-z/(1-z/(1-z/(...)))) where z=x/(1+x) (continued fraction); more generally B(x)=C(x/(1+x)) where C(x) is the g.f. for the Catalan numbers (A000108). - Joerg Arndt, Mar 18 2011
a(n) = (2/Pi)*Integral_{x=-1..1} (1+2*x)^n*sqrt(1-x^2). - Peter Luschny, Sep 11 2011
G.f.: (1-x-sqrt(1-2*x-3*(x^2)))/(2*(x^2)) = 1/2/(x^2)-1/2/x-1/2/(x^2)*G(0); G(k) = 1+(4*k-1)*x*(2+3*x)/(4*k+2-x*(2+3*x)*(4*k+1)*(4*k+2) /(x*(2+3*x)*(4*k+1)+(4*k+4)/G(k+1))), if -1 < x < 1/3; (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 01 2011
G.f.: (1-x-sqrt(1-2*x-3*(x^2)))/(2*(x^2)) = (-1 + 1/G(0))/(2*x); G(k) = 1-2*x/(1+x/(1+x/(1-2*x/(1-x/(2-x/G(k+1)))))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 11 2011
0 = a(n) * (9*a(n+1) + 15*a(n+2) - 12*a(n+3)) + a(n+1) * ( -3*a(n+1) + 10*a(n+2) - 5*a(n+3)) + a(n+2) * (a(n+2) + a(n+3)) unless n=-2. - Michael Somos, Mar 23 2012
a(n) = (-1)^n*hypergeometric([-n,3/2],[3],4). - Peter Luschny, Aug 15 2012
Representation in terms of special values of Jacobi polynomials P(n,alpha,beta,x), in Maple notation: a(n)= 2*(-1)^n*n!*JacobiP(n,2,-3/2-n,-7)/(n+2)!, n>=0. - Karol A. Penson, Jun 24 2013
G.f.: Q(0)/x - 1/x, where Q(k) = 1 + (4*k+1)*x/((1+x)*(k+1) - x*(1+x)*(2*k+2)*(4*k+3)/(x*(8*k+6)+(2*k+3)*(1+x)/Q(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 14 2013
Catalan(n+1) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n,k)*a(k). E.g.: 42 = 1*1 + 4*1 + 6*2 + 4*4 + 1*9. - Doron Zeilberger, Mar 12 2015
G.f. A(x) with offset 1 satisfies: A(x)^2 = A( x^2/(1-2*x) ). - Paul D. Hanna, Nov 08 2015
a(n) = GegenbauerPoly(n,-n-1,-1/2)/(n+1). - Emanuele Munarini, Oct 20 2016
a(n) = a(n-1) + A002026(n-1). Number of Motzkin paths that start with an F step plus number of Motzkin paths that start with an U step. - R. J. Mathar, Jul 25 2017
G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x)*A(-x) = F(x^2), where F(x) is the g.f. of A168592. - Alexander Burstein, Oct 04 2017
G.f.: A(x) = exp(int((E(x)-1)/x dx)), where E(x) is the g.f. of A002426. Equivalently, E(x) = 1 + x*A'(x)/A(x). - Alexander Burstein, Oct 05 2017
G.f. A(x) satisfies: A(x) = Sum_{j>=0} x^j * Sum_{k=0..j} binomial(j,k)*x^k*A(x)^k. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 11 2019
From Gennady Eremin, May 08 2021: (Start)
G.f.: 2/(1 - x + sqrt(1-2*x-3*x^2)).
a(n) = A107587(n) + A343386(n) = 2*A107587(n) - A343773(n) = 2*A343386(n) + A343773(n). (End)
Revert transform of A049347 (after Michael Somos). - Gennady Eremin, Jun 11 2021
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = 2.941237337631025604300320152921013604885956025483079699366681494505960039781389... - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jun 17 2021
Let a(-1) = (1 - sqrt(-3))/2 and a(n) = a(-3-n)*(-3)^(n+3/2) for all n in Z. Then a(n) satisfies my previous formula relation from Mar 23 2012 now for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, Apr 17 2022
Let b(n) = 1 for n <= 1, otherwise b(n) = Sum_{k=2..n} b(k-1) * b(n-k), then a(n) = b(n+1) (conjecture). - Joerg Arndt, Jan 16 2023
From Peter Bala, Feb 03 2024: (Start)
G.f.: A(x) = 1/(1 + x)*c(x/(1 + x))^2 = 1 + x/(1 + x)*c(x/(1 + x))^3, where c(x) = (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x))/(2*x) is the g.f. of the Catalan numbers A000108.
A(x) = 1/(1 - 3*x)*c(-x/(1 -3*x))^2.
a(n+1) = Sum_{k = 0..n} (-1)^(n-k)*binomial(n, k)*A000245(k+1).
a(n) = 3^n * Sum_{k = 0..n} (-3)^(-k)*binomial(n, k)*Catalan(k+1).
a(n) = 3^n * hypergeom([3/2, -n], [3], 4/3). (End)
G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x) = exp( x*A(x) + Integral x*A(x)/(1 - x^2*A(x)) dx ). - Paul D. Hanna, Mar 04 2024
a(n) = hypergeom([-n/2,1/2-n/2],[2],4). - Karol A. Penson, May 18 2025

A001003 Schroeder's second problem (generalized parentheses); also called super-Catalan numbers or little Schroeder numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 11, 45, 197, 903, 4279, 20793, 103049, 518859, 2646723, 13648869, 71039373, 372693519, 1968801519, 10463578353, 55909013009, 300159426963, 1618362158587, 8759309660445, 47574827600981, 259215937709463, 1416461675464871

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

If you are looking for the Schroeder numbers (a.k.a. large Schroder numbers, or big Schroeder numbers), see A006318.
Yang & Jiang (2021) call these the small 2-Schroeder numbers. - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 28 2021
There are two schools of thought about the index for the first term. I prefer the indexing a(0) = a(1) = 1, a(2) = 3, a(3) = 11, etc.
a(n) is the number of ways to insert parentheses in a string of n+1 symbols. The parentheses must be balanced but there is no restriction on the number of pairs of parentheses. The number of letters inside a pair of parentheses must be at least 2. Parentheses enclosing the whole string are ignored.
Also length of list produced by a variant of the Catalan producing iteration: replace each integer k with the list 0,1,..,k,k+1,k,...,1,0 and get the length a(n) of the resulting (flattened) list after n iterations. - Wouter Meeussen, Nov 11 2001
Stanley gives several other interpretations for these numbers.
Number of Schroeder paths of semilength n (i.e., lattice paths from (0,0) to (2n,0), with steps H=(2,0), U=(1,1) and D(1,-1) and not going below the x-axis) with no peaks at level 1. Example: a(2)=3 because among the six Schroeder paths of semilength two HH, UHD, UUDD, HUD, UDH and UDUD, only the first three have no peaks at level 1. - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 27 2003
a(n+1) is the number of Dyck n-paths in which the interior vertices of the ascents are colored white or black. - David Callan, Mar 14 2004
Number of possible schedules for n time slots in the first-come first-served (FCFS) printer policy.
Also row sums of A086810, A033282, A126216. - Philippe Deléham, May 09 2004
a(n+1) is the number of pairs (u,v) of same-length compositions of n, 0's allowed in u but not in v and u dominates v (meaning u_1 >= v_1, u_1 + u_2 >= v_1 + v_2 and so on). For example, with n=2, a(3) counts (2,2), (1+1,1+1), (2+0,1+1). - David Callan, Jul 20 2005
The big Schroeder number (A006318) is the number of Schroeder paths from (0,0) to (n,n) (subdiagonal paths with steps (1,0) (0,1) and (1,1)). These paths fall in two classes: those with steps on the main diagonal and those without. These two classes are equinumerous and the number of paths in either class is the little Schroeder number a(n) (half the big Schroeder number). - Marcelo Aguiar (maguiar(AT)math.tamu.edu), Oct 14 2005
With offset 0, a(n) = number of (colored) Motzkin (n-1)-paths with each upstep U getting one of 2 colors and each flatstep F getting one of 3 colors. Example. With their colors immediately following upsteps/flatsteps, a(2) = 3 counts F1, F2, F3 and a(3)=11 counts U1D, U2D, F1F1, F1F2, F1F3, F2F1, F2F2, F2F3, F3F1, F3F2, F3F3. - David Callan, Aug 16 2006
Shifts left when INVERT transform applied twice. - Alois P. Heinz, Apr 01 2009
Number of increasing tableaux of shape (n,n). An increasing tableau is a semistandard tableaux with strictly increasing rows and columns, and set of entries an initial segment of the positive integers. Example: a(2) = 3 because of the three tableaux (12)(34), (13)(24), (12)(23). - Oliver Pechenik, Apr 22 2014
Number of ordered trees with no vertex of outdegree 1 and having n+1 leaves (called sometimes Schröder trees). - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 13 2014
Number of dissections of a convex (n+2)-gon by nonintersecting diagonals. Example: a(2)=3 because for a square ABCD we have (i) no diagonal, (ii) dissection with diagonal AC, and (iii) dissection with diagonal BD. - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 13 2014
The little Schroeder numbers are the moments of the Marchenko-Pastur law for the case c=2 (although the moment m0 is 1/2 instead of 1): 1/2, 1, 3, 11, 45, 197, 903, ...  - Jose-Javier Martinez, Apr 07 2015
Number of generalized Motzkin paths with no level steps at height 0, from (0,0) to (2n,0), and consisting of steps U=(1,1), D=(1,-1) and H2=(2,0). For example, for n=3, we have the 11 paths: UDUDUD, UUDDUD, UDUUDD, UH2DUD, UDUH2D, UH2H2D, UUDUDD, UUUDDD, UUH2DD, UUDH2D, UH2UDD. - José Luis Ramírez Ramírez, Apr 20 2015
REVERT transform of A225883. - Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 25 2015
Total number of (nonempty) faces of all dimensions in the associahedron K_{n+1} of dimension n-1. For example, K_4 (a pentagon) includes 5 vertices and 5 edges together with K_4 itself (5 + 5 + 1 = 11), while K_5 includes 14 vertices, 21 edges and 9 faces together with K_5 itself (14 + 21 + 9 + 1 = 45). - Noam Zeilberger, Sep 17 2018
a(n) is the number of interval posets of permutations with n minimal elements that have exactly two realizers, up to a shift by 1 in a(4). See M. Bouvel, L. Cioni, B. Izart, Theorem 17 page 13. - Mathilde Bouvel, Oct 21 2021
a(n) is the number of sequences of nonnegative integers (u_1, u_2, ..., u_n) such that (i) u_1 = 1, (ii) u_i <= i for all i, (iii) the nonzero u_i are weakly increasing. For example, a(2) = 3 counts 10, 11, 12, and a(3) = 11 counts 100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 111, 112, 113, 120, 122, 123. See link below. - David Callan, Dec 19 2021
a(n) is the number of parking functions of size n avoiding the patterns 132 and 213. - Lara Pudwell, Apr 10 2023
a(n+1) is the number of Schroeder paths from (0,0) to (2n,0) in which level steps at height 0 come in 2 colors. - Alexander Burstein, Jul 23 2023

			G.f. = 1 + x + 3*x^2 + 11*x^3 + 45*x^4 + 197*x^5 + 903*x^6 + 4279*x^7 + ...
a(2) = 3: abc, a(bc), (ab)c; a(3) = 11: abcd, (ab)cd, a(bc)d, ab(cd), (ab)(cd), a(bcd), a(b(cd)), a((bc)d), (abc)d, (a(bc))d, ((ab)c)d.
Sum over partitions formula: a(3) = 2*a(0)*a(2) + 1*a(1)^2 + 3*(a(0)^2)*a(1) + 1*a(0)^4 = 6 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 11.
a(4) = 45 since the top row of Q^3 = (11, 14, 12, 8, 0, 0, 0, ...); (11 + 14 + 12 + 8) = 45.

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Index entries for sequences related to parenthesizing
Index entries for "core" sequences

See A000081, A000108, A001190, A001699, for other ways to count parentheses.
Row sums of A033282, A033877, A086810, A126216.
Right-hand column 1 of convolution triangle A011117.
Column 1 of A336573. Column 0 of A104219.
The sequences listed in Yang-Jiang's Table 1 appear to be A006318, this sequence, A027307, A034015, A144097, A243675, A260332, A243676. - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 28 2021
Cf. A000041, A000311, A001263, A003480, A006125, A010683, A025240, A035011.
Cf. A048996, A054726, A059435, A065096, A080243, A085403, A086456, A086616.
Cf. A086810, A088617, A104858, A110440, A111785, A114710, A118376, A126216.
Cf. A139685, A144156, A144944, A153881, A186826.
Cf. A006318 (Schroeder numbers).

a001003 = last . a144944_row  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, May 11 2013

R:=PowerSeriesRing(Rationals(), 50);
Coefficients(R!( (1+x -Sqrt(1-6*x+x^2) )/(4*x) )); // G. C. Greubel, Oct 27 2024

t1 := (1/(4*x))*(1+x-sqrt(1-6*x+x^2)); series(t1,x,40);
invtr:= proc(p) local b; b:= proc(n) option remember; local i; `if`(n<1, 1, add(b(n-i) *p(i-1), i=1..n+1)) end end: a:='a': f:= (invtr@@2)(a): a:= proc(n) if n<0 then 1 else f(n-1) fi end: seq(a(n), n=0..30); # Alois P. Heinz, Apr 01 2009
# Computes n -> [a[0],a[1],..,a[n]]
A001003_list := proc(n) local j,a,w; a := array(0..n); a[0] := 1;
for w from 1 to n do a[w] := a[w-1]+2*add(a[j]*a[w-j-1],j=1..w-1) od;
convert(a,list) end: A001003_list(100); # Peter Luschny, May 17 2011

Table[Length[Flatten[Nest[ #/.a_Integer:> Join[Range[0, a + 1], Range[a, 0, -1]] &, {0}, n]]], {n, 0, 10}]; Sch[ 0 ] = Sch[ 1 ] = 1; Sch[ n_Integer ] := Sch[ n ] = (3(2n - 1)Sch[ n - 1 ] - (n - 2)Sch[ n - 2 ])/(n + 1); Array[ Sch, 24, 0]
(* Second program: *)
a[n_] := Hypergeometric2F1[-n + 1, n + 2, 2, -1]; a[0] = 1; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 23}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 09 2011, after Vladeta Jovovic *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ (1 + x - Sqrt[1 - 6 x + x^2]) / (4 x), {x, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, Aug 26 2015 *)
Table[(KroneckerDelta[n] - GegenbauerC[n+1, -1/2, 3])/4, {n, 0, 20}] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 25 2015 *)
a[n_] := -LegendreP[n, -1, 2, 3] I / Sqrt[2]; a[0] = 1;
Table[a[n], {n, 0, 23}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 16 2019 *)
a[1]:=1; a[2]:=1; a[n_]:=a[n] = a[n-1]+2 Sum[a[k] a[n-k], {k,2,n-1}]; Map[a, Range[24]] (* Oliver Seipel, Nov 03 2024, after Schröder 1870 *)
CoefficientList[InverseSeries[Series[x/(Series[(1 - x)/(1 - 2  x), {x, 0, 24}]), {x, 0, 24}]]/x, x] (* Mats Granvik, Jun 30 2025 *)

{a(n) = if( n<1, n==0, sum( k=0, n, 2^k * binomial(n, k) * binomial(n, k-1) ) / (2*n))}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 31 2007 */

{a(n) = my(A); if( n<1, n==0, n--; A = x * O(x^n); n! * simplify( polcoef( exp(3*x + A) * besseli(1, 2*x * quadgen(8) + A), n)))}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 31 2007 */

{a(n) = if( n<0, 0, n++; polcoef( serreverse( (x - 2*x^2) / (1 - x) + x * O(x^n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 31 2007 */

N=30; x='x+O('x^N); Vec( (1+x-(1-6*x+x^2)^(1/2))/(4*x) ) \\ Hugo Pfoertner, Nov 19 2018

# The objective of this implementation is efficiency.
# n -> [a(0), a(1), ..., a(n)]
def A001003_list(n):
    a = [0 for i in range(n)]
    a[0] = 1
    for w in range(1, n):
        s = 0
        for j in range(1, w):
            s += a[j]*a[w-j-1]
        a[w] = a[w-1]+2*s
    return a
# Peter Luschny, May 17 2011

from gmpy2 import divexact
A001003 = [1, 1]
for n in range(3,10**3):
    A001003.append(divexact(A001003[-1]*(6*n-9)-(n-3)*A001003[-2],n))
# Chai Wah Wu, Sep 01 2014

# Generalized algorithm of L. Seidel
def A001003_list(n) :
    D = [0]*(n+1); D[1] = 1/2
    b = True; h = 2; R = [1]
    for i in range(2*n-2) :
        if b :
            for k in range(h,0,-1) : D[k] += D[k-1]
            h += 1;
        else :
            for k in range(1,h, 1) : D[k] += D[k-1]
            R.append(D[h-1]);
        b = not b
    return R
A001003_list(24) # Peter Luschny, Jun 02 2012

D-finite with recurrence: (n+1) * a(n) = (6*n-3) * a(n-1) - (n-2) * a(n-2) if n>1. a(0) = a(1) = 1.
a(n) = 3*a(n-1) + 2*A065096(n-2) (n>2). If g(x) = 1 + 3*x + 11*x^2 + 45*x^3 + ... + a(n)*x^n + ..., then g(x) = 1 + 3(x*g(x)) + 2(x*g(x))^2, g(x)^2 = 1 + 6*x + 31*x^2 + 156*x^3 + ... + A065096(n)*x^n + ... - Paul D. Hanna, Jun 10 2002
a(n+1) = -a(n) + 2*Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)*a(n+1-k). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 27 2004
a(n-2) = (1/(n-1))*Sum_{k=0..n-3} binomial(n-1,k+1)*binomial(n-3,k)*2^(n-3-k) for n >= 3 [G. Polya, Elemente de Math., 12 (1957), p. 115.] - N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 13 2015
G.f.: (1 + x - sqrt(1 - 6*x + x^2) )/(4*x) = 2/(1 + x + sqrt(1 - 6*x + x^2)).
a(n) ~ W*(3+sqrt(8))^n*n^(-3/2) where W = (1/4)*sqrt((sqrt(18)-4)/Pi) [See Knuth I, p. 534, or Perez. Note that the formula on line 3, page 475 of Flajolet and Sedgewick seems to be wrong - it has to be multiplied by 2^(1/4).] - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 10 2011
The correct asymptotic for this sequence is a(n) ~ W*(3+sqrt(8))^n*n^(-3/2), where W = (1+sqrt(2))/(2*2^(3/4)*sqrt(Pi)) = 0.404947065905750651736243... Result in book by D. Knuth (p. 539 of 3rd edition, exercise 12) is for sequence b(n), but a(n) = b(n+1)/2. Therefore is asymptotic a(n) ~ b(n) * (3+sqrt(8))/2. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Sep 09 2012
The Hankel transform of this sequence gives A006125 = 1, 1, 2, 8, 64, 1024, ...; example: det([1, 1, 3, 11; 1, 3, 11, 45; 3, 11, 45, 197; 11, 45, 197, 903]) = 2^6 = 64. - Philippe Deléham, Mar 02 2004
a(n+1) = Sum_{k=0..floor((n-1)/2)} 2^k * 3^(n-1-2k) * binomial(n-1, 2k) * Catalan(k). This formula counts colored Dyck paths by the same parameter by which Touchard's identity counts ordinary Dyck paths: number of DDUs (U=up step, D=down step). See also Gouyou-Beauchamps reference. - David Callan, Mar 14 2004
From Paul Barry, May 24 2005: (Start)
a(n) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{k=0..n} C(n+1, k)*C(2n-k, n)*(-1)^k*2^(n-k) [with offset 0].
a(n) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{k=0..n} C(n+1, k+1)*C(n+k, k)*(-1)^(n-k)*2^k [with offset 0].
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (1/(k+1))*C(n, k)*C(n+k, k)*(-1)^(n-k)*2^k [with offset 0].
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A088617(n, k)*(-1)^(n-k)*2^k [with offset 0]. (End)
E.g.f. of a(n+1) is exp(3*x)*BesselI(1, 2*sqrt(2)*x)/(sqrt(2)*x). - Vladeta Jovovic, Mar 31 2004
Reversion of (x-2*x^2)/(1-x) is g.f. offset 1.
For n>=1, a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} 2^k*N(n, k) where N(n, k) = (1/n)*C(n, k)*C(n, k+1) are the Narayana numbers (A001263). - Benoit Cloitre, May 10 2003 [This formula counts colored Dyck paths by number of peaks, which is easy to see because the Narayana numbers count Dyck paths by number of peaks and the number of peaks determines the number of interior ascent vertices.]
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A088617(n, k)*2^k*(-1)^(n-k). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 21 2004
For n > 0, a(n) = (1/(n+1)) * Sum_{k = 0 .. n-1} binomial(2*n-k, n) * binomial(n-1, k). This formula counts colored Dyck paths (as above) by number of white vertices. - David Callan, Mar 14 2004
a(n-1) = (d^(n-1)/dx^(n-1))((1-x)/(1-2*x))^n/n!|_{x=0}. (For a proof see the comment on the unsigned row sums of triangle A111785.)
From Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 12 2005: (Start)
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} binomial(n, k)*binomial(n+k, k-1).
a(n) = hypergeom([1-n, n+2], [2], -1), n>=1. (End)
a(n) = hypergeom([1-n, -n], [2], 2) for n>=0. - Peter Luschny, Sep 22 2014
a(m+n+1) = Sum_{k>=0} A110440(m, k)*A110440(n, k)*2^k = A110440(m+n, 0). - Philippe Deléham, Sep 14 2005
Sum over partitions formula (reference Schroeder paper p. 362, eq. (1) II). Number the partitions of n according to Abramowitz-Stegun pp. 831-832 (see reference under A105805) with k=1..p(n)= A000041(n). For n>=1: a(n-1) = Sum_{k=2..p(n)} A048996(n,k)*a(1)^e(k, 1)*a(1)^e(k, 2)*...*a(n-2)^e(k, n-1) if the k-th partition of n in the mentioned order is written as (1^e(k, 1), 2^e(k, 2), ..., (n-1)e(k, n-1)). Note that the first (k=1) partition (n^1) has to be omitted. - Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 23 2005
Starting (1, 3, 11, 45, ...), = row sums of triangle A126216 = A001263 * [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Nov 30 2007
From Paul Barry, May 15 2009: (Start)
G.f.: 1/(1+x-2x/(1+x-2x/(1+x-2x/(1+x-2x/(1-.... (continued fraction).
G.f.: 1/(1-x/(1-x-x/(1-x-x/(1-x-x/(1-... (continued fraction).
G.f.: 1/(1-x-2x^2/(1-3x-2x^2/(1-3x-2x^2/(1-... (continued fraction). (End)
G.f.: 1 / (1 - x / (1 - 2*x / (1 - x / (1 - 2*x / ... )))). - Michael Somos, May 19 2013
a(n) = (LegendreP(n+1,3)-3*LegendreP(n,3))/(4*n) for n>0. - Mark van Hoeij, Jul 12 2010 [This formula is mentioned in S.-J. Kettle's 1982 letter - see link. N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 13 2015]
From Gary W. Adamson, Jul 08 2011: (Start)
a(n) = upper left term in M^n, where M is the production matrix:
  1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
  2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, ...
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, ...
  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, ...
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
  ... (End)
From Gary W. Adamson, Aug 23 2011: (Start)
a(n) is the sum of top row terms of Q^(n-1), where Q is the infinite square production matrix:
  1, 2, 0, 0, 0, ...
  1, 1, 2, 0, 0, ...
  1, 1, 1, 2, 0, ...
  1, 1, 1, 1, 2, ...
  ... (End)
Let h(t) = (1-t)^2/(2*(1-t)^2-1) = 1/(1-(2*t+3*t^2+4*t^3+...)), an o.g.f. for A003480, then for A001003 a(n) = (1/n!)*((h(t)*d/dt)^n) t, evaluated at t=0, with initial n=1. (Cf. A086810.) - Tom Copeland, Sep 06 2011
A006318(n) = 2*a(n) if n>0. - Michael Somos, Mar 31 2007
BINOMIAL transform is A118376 with offset 0. REVERT transform is A153881. INVERT transform is A006318. INVERT transform of A114710. HANKEL transform is A139685. PSUM transform is A104858. - Michael Somos, May 19 2013
G.f.: 1 + x/(Q(0) - x) where Q(k) = 1 + k*(1-x) - x - x*(k+1)*(k+2)/Q(k+1) ; (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Mar 14 2013
a(n) = A144944(n,n) = A186826(n,0). - Reinhard Zumkeller, May 11 2013
a(n)=(-1)^n*LegendreP(n,-1,-3)/sqrt(2), n > 0, LegendreP(n,a,b) is the Legendre function. - Karol A. Penson, Jul 06 2013
Integral representation as n-th moment of a positive weight function W(x) = W_a(x) + W_c(x), where W_a(x) = Dirac(x)/2, is the discrete (atomic) part, and W_c(x) = sqrt(8-(x-3)^2)/(4*Pi*x) is the continuous part of W(x) defined on (3 sqrt(8),3+sqrt(8)): a(n) = int( x^n*W_a(x), x=-eps..eps ) + int( x^n*W_c(x), x = 3-sqrt(8)..3+sqrt(8) ), for any eps>0, n>=0. W_c(x) is unimodal, of bounded variation and W_c(3-sqrt(8)) = W_c(3+sqrt(8)) = 0. Note that the position of the Dirac peak (x=0) lies outside support of W_c(x). - Karol A. Penson and Wojciech Mlotkowski, Aug 05 2013
G.f.: 1 + x/G(x) with G(x) = 1 - 3*x - 2*x^2/G(x) (continued fraction). - Nikolaos Pantelidis, Dec 17 2022

A007678 Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 4, 11, 24, 50, 80, 154, 220, 375, 444, 781, 952, 1456, 1696, 2500, 2466, 4029, 4500, 6175, 6820, 9086, 9024, 12926, 13988, 17875, 19180, 24129, 21480, 31900, 33856, 41416, 43792, 52921, 52956, 66675, 69996, 82954, 86800, 102050, 97734, 124271, 129404, 149941

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Bjorn Poonen (poonen(AT)math.princeton.edu)

This sequence and A006533 are two equivalent ways of presenting the same sequence.
A quasipolynomial of order 2520. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 15 2013
Also the circuit rank of the n-polygon diagonal intersection graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Mar 08 2018
This sequence only counts polygons, in contrast to A006533 which also counts the n segments of the circumscribed circle delimited by the edges of the regular n-gon. Therefore a(n) = A006533(n) - n. See also A006561 which counts the intersection points, and A350000 which considers iterated "cutting along diagonals". - M. F. Hasler, Dec 13 2021
The Petrie polygon orthographic projection of a regular n-simplex is a regular (n+1)-gon with all diagonals drawn. Hence a(n+1) is the number of regions in the Petrie polygon of a regular n-simplex. - Mohammed Yaseen, Nov 05 2022

Jean Meeus, Wiskunde Post (Belgium), Vol. 10, 1972, pp. 62-63.
C. A. Pickover, The Mathematics of Oz, Problem 58 "The Beauty of Polygon Slicing", Cambridge University Press, 2002.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Seiichi Manyama, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (terms 1..1000 from T. D. Noe)
Lars Blomberg, Scott R. Shannon, and N. J. A. Sloane, Graphical Enumeration and Stained Glass Windows, 1: Rectangular Grids, (2020). Also arXiv:2009.07918.
Robert Dougherty-Bliss, First draft of Python program to produce colored drawings of these figures, Github, Feb 09 2020.
Martin Griffiths, Counting the regions in a regular drawing of K_{n,n}, J. Int. Seq. 13 (2010) # 10.8.5.
M. F. Hasler, Interactive illustration of A006561(n) & A006533(n); colored version for n=6 and for n=8.
Sascha Kurz, m-gons in regular n-gons (in German).
J. Meeus & N. J. A. Sloane, Correspondence, 1974-1975
Bjorn Poonen and Michael Rubinstein, The Number of Intersection Points Made by the Diagonals of a Regular Polygon, SIAM J. Discrete Mathematics 11, no. 1 (1998), pp. 135-156; DOI:10.1137/S0895480195281246. [Author's copy]. The latest arXiv version arXiv:math/9508209 has corrected some typos in the published version.
Bjorn Poonen and Michael Rubinstein, Mathematica programs for these sequences
J. F. Rigby, Multiple intersections of diagonals of regular polygons, and related topics, Geom. Dedicata 9 (1980), 207-238.
M. Rubinstein, Drawings for n=4,5,6,...
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 17
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 18
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 19
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 23
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 27
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 40
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 41 (1st version)
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 41 (2nd version)
Scott R. Shannon, Colored illustration for n = 41 (3rd version). This variation has coloring based on the number of edges of the polygon: red = 3-gon, orange = 4-gon, yellow = 5-gon, light-green = 6-gon etc.
N. J. A. Sloane (in collaboration with Scott R. Shannon), Art and Sequences, Slides of guest lecture in Math 640, Rutgers Univ., Feb 8, 2020. Mentions this sequence.
N. J. A. Sloane, "A Handbook of Integer Sequences" Fifty Years Later, arXiv:2301.03149 [math.NT], 2023, p. 18.
N. J. A. Sloane, Summary table for vertices and regions in regular n-gon with all chords drawn, for n = 3..19. [V = total number of vertices (A007569), V_i (i>=2) = number of vertices where i lines cross (A292105, A292104, A101363); R = total number of cells or regions (A007678), R_i (i>=3) = number of regions with i edges (A331450, A062361, A067151).]
Prasad Balakrishnan Warrier, The physiognomy of the Erdős-Szekeres conjecture (happy ending problem), Math. Student (Indian Math. Soc., 2024) Vol. 93, Nos. 3-4, 28-48.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Circuit Rank
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Polygon Diagonal Intersection Graph
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Regular Polygon Division by Diagonals
Sequences formed by drawing all diagonals in regular polygon
Sequences related to chord diagrams

Cf. A001006, A054726, A006533, A006561, A006600, A007569 (number of vertices), A006522, A135565 (number of line segments).
A062361 gives number of triangles, A331450 and A331451 give distribution of polygons by number of sides.
A333654, A335614, A335646, A337330 give the number of internal n-gon to k-gon contacts for n>=3, k>=n.
A187781 gives number of distinct regions.

del[m_,n_]:=If[Mod[n,m]==0,1,0]; R[n_]:=If[n<3, 0, (n^4-6n^3+23n^2-42n+24)/24 + del[2,n](-5n^3+42n^2-40n-48)/48 - del[4,n](3n/4) + del[6,n](-53n^2+310n)/12 + del[12,n](49n/2) + del[18,n]*32n + del[24,n]*19n - del[30,n]*36n - del[42,n]*50n - del[60,n]*190n - del[84,n]*78n - del[90,n]*48n - del[120,n]*78n - del[210,n]*48n]; Table[R[n], {n,1,1000}] (* T. D. Noe, Dec 21 2006 *)

/* Only for odd n > 3, not suitable for other values of n! */ { a(n)=local(nr,x,fn,cn,fn2); nr=0; fn=floor(n/2); cn=ceil(n/2); fn2=(fn-1)^2-1; nr=fn2*n+fn+(n-2)*fn+cn; x=(n-5)/2; if (x>0,nr+=x*(x+1)*(2*x+1)/6*n); nr; } \\ Jon Perry, Jul 08 2003

apply( {A007678(n)=if(n%2, (((n-6)*n+23)*n-42)*n/24+1, ((n^3/2 -17*n^2/4 +22*n -if(n%4, 31, 40) +!(n%6)*(310 -53*n))/12 +!(n%12)*49/2 +!(n%18)*32 +!(n%24)*19 -!(n%30)*36 -!(n%42)*50 -!(n%60)*190 -!(n%84)*78 -!(n%90)*48 -!(n%120)*78 -!(n%210)*48)*n)}, [1..44]) \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 06 2021

def d(n,m): return not n % m
def A007678(n): return (1176*d(n,12)*n - 3744*d(n,120)*n + 1536*d(n,18)*n - d(n,2)*(5*n**3 - 42*n**2 + 40*n + 48) - 2304*d(n,210)*n + 912*d(n,24)*n - 1728*d(n,30)*n - 36*d(n,4)*n - 2400*d(n,42)*n - 4*d(n,6)*n*(53*n - 310) - 9120*d(n,60)*n - 3744*d(n,84)*n - 2304*d(n,90)*n + 2*n**4 - 12*n**3 + 46*n**2 - 84*n)//48 + 1 # Chai Wah Wu, Mar 08 2021

For odd n > 3, a(n) = sumstep {i=5, n, 2, (i-2)*floor(n/2)+(i-4)*ceiling(n/2)+1} + x*(x+1)*(2*x+1)/6*n), where x = (n-5)/2. Simplifying the floor/ceiling components gives the PARI code below. - Jon Perry, Jul 08 2003
For odd n, a(n) = (24 - 42*n + 23*n^2 - 6*n^3 + n^4)/24. - Graeme McRae, Dec 24 2004
a(n) = A006533(n) - n. - T. D. Noe, Dec 23 2006
For odd n, binomial transform of [1, 10, 29, 36, 16, 0, 0, 0, ...] = [1, 11, 50, 154, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 02 2011
a(n) = A135565(n) - A007569(n) + 1. - Max Alekseyev
See the Mma code in A006533 for the explicit Poonen-Rubenstein formula that holds for all n. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 23 2020

More terms from Graeme McRae, Dec 26 2004

a(1) = a(2) = 0 prepended by Max Alekseyev, Dec 01 2011

A007569 Number of nodes in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 19, 42, 57, 135, 171, 341, 313, 728, 771, 1380, 1393, 2397, 1855, 3895, 3861, 6006, 5963, 8878, 7321, 12675, 12507, 17577, 17277, 23780, 16831, 31496, 30945, 40953, 40291, 52395, 47017, 66082, 65019, 82290, 80921, 101311, 84883, 123453, 121485

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Bjorn Poonen (poonen(AT)math.princeton.edu)

I.e., vertex count of the n-polygon diagonal intersection graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Mar 08 2018
Also the circumference of the n-polygon diagonal intersection graph (since these graphs are Hamiltonian). - Eric W. Weisstein, Mar 08 2018
a(n) = n + sum of row n of triangle A292105. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 01 2025

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=1..1000
Sascha Kurz, m-gons in regular n-gons
B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, Number of Intersection Points Made by the Diagonals of a Regular Polygon, SIAM J. Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 11, pp. 135-156.
B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, The number of intersection points made by the diagonals of a regular polygon, SIAM J. on Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 11, No. 1, 135-156 (1998).
B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, The number of intersection points made by the diagonals of a regular polygon, arXiv:math/9508209 [math.MG], 1995-2006; arXiv version, which has fewer typos than the SIAM version.
B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, Mathematica programs for these sequences
M. Rubinstein, Drawings for n=4,5,6,...
N. J. A. Sloane, Summary table for vertices and regions in regular n-gon with all chords drawn, for n = 3..19. [V = total number of vertices (A007569), V_i (i>=2) = number of vertices where i lines cross (A292105, A292104, A101363); R = total number of cells or regions (A007678), R_i (i>=3) = number of regions with i edges (A331450, A062361, A067151).]
N. J. A. Sloane (in collaboration with Scott R. Shannon), Art and Sequences, Slides of guest lecture in Math 640, Rutgers Univ., Feb 8, 2020. Mentions this sequence.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Graph Circumference
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Polygon Diagonal Intersection Graph
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Vertex Count
Robert G. Wilson v, Illustration of a(10)
Sequences formed by drawing all diagonals in regular polygon

Cf. A006561, A007678 (regions), A292105.

Sequences related to chords in a circle: A001006, A054726, A006533, A006561, A006600, A007569, A007678. See also entries for chord diagrams in Index file.

del[m_,n_]:=If[Mod[n,m]==0,1,0]; Int[n_]:=If[n<4, n, n + Binomial[n,4] + del[2,n](-5n^3+45n^2-70n+24)/24 - del[4,n](3n/2) + del[6,n](-45n^2+262n)/6 + del[12,n]*42n + del[18,n]*60n + del[24,n]*35n - del[30,n]*38n - del[42,n]*82n - del[60,n]*330n - del[84,n]*144n - del[90,n]*96n - del[120,n]*144n - del[210,n]*96n]; Table[Int[n], {n,1,1000}] (* T. D. Noe, Dec 21 2006 *)

apply( {A007569(n)=A006561(n)+n}, [1..44]) \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 06 2021

def d(n,m): return not n % m
def A007569(n): return 2 if n == 2 else n*(42*d(n,12) - 144*d(n,120) + 60*d(n,18) - 96*d(n,210) + 35*d(n,24)- 38*d(n,30) - 82*d(n,42) - 330*d(n,60) - 144*d(n,84) - 96*d(n,90)) + (n**4 - 6*n**3 + 11*n**2 + 18*n -d(n,2)*(5*n**3 - 45*n**2 + 70*n - 24) - 36*d(n,4)*n - 4*d(n,6)*n*(45*n - 262))//24 # Chai Wah Wu, Mar 08 2021

a(n) = A006561(n)+n. - T. D. Noe, Dec 23 2006

If n is odd, a(n) = binomial(n,4) + n. - N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 30 2021

A082582 Expansion of (1 + x^2 - sqrt( 1 - 4x + 2x^2 + x^4)) / (2*x) in powers of x.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 13, 35, 97, 275, 794, 2327, 6905, 20705, 62642, 190987, 586219, 1810011, 5617914, 17518463, 54857506, 172431935, 543861219, 1720737981, 5459867166, 17369553427, 55391735455, 177040109419, 567019562429, 1819536774089

Offset: 0

Emanuele Munarini, May 07 2003

a(n) is the number of Dyck paths of semilength n with no UUDD. See A025242 for a bijection between paths avoiding DDUU versus UUDD.
Also number of lattice paths from (0,0) to (n,n) which do not go above the diagonal x=y using steps (1,k), (k,1) with k>=1. - Alois P. Heinz, Oct 07 2015
a(n) is the number of bargraphs of semiperimeter n (n>=2). Example: a(4) = 5; the 5 bargraphs correspond to the compositions [1,1,1], [1,2], [2,1], [2,2], [3]. - Emeric Deutsch, May 20 2016 [a(n) are the row sums of A271942 for n >= 2. Peter Luschny, Oct 18 2020]
a(n) is the number of skew Motzkin paths of length n. A skew Motzkin path is a path in the first quadrant which begins at the origin, ends on the x-axis, consists of steps U=(1,1) (up), D=(1,-1) (down), F=(1,0) (flat) and A=(-1,1) (anti-down) so that down and anti-down steps do not overlap. - Sergey Kirgizov, Oct 03 2018
From Gus Wiseman, Jul 04 2019: (Start)
Conjecture: Also the number of maximal simple graphs with vertices {1..n} and no weakly nesting edges. Two edges {a,b}, {c,d} are weakly nesting if a <= c < d <= b or c <= a < b <= d. For example, the a(1) = 1 through a(5) = 13 edge-sets are:
  {}  {12}  {13}     {14}        {15}
            {12,23}  {12,24}     {12,25}
                     {13,24}     {13,25}
                     {13,34}     {14,25}
                     {12,23,34}  {14,35}
                                 {14,45}
                                 {12,23,35}
                                 {12,24,35}
                                 {12,24,45}
                                 {13,24,35}
                                 {13,24,45}
                                 {13,34,45}
                                 {12,23,34,45}
Cf. A006125, A054726, A117662, A326244, A326257, A326289, A326293, A326329, A326337, A326338, A326340.
(End)
a(n) is the number of Dyck n-paths in which no nonterminal descent has the same length as the preceding ascent. Example: a(3) = 2 counts UUDUDD and UUUDDD where the latter path qualifies because DDD is the terminal descent. - David Callan, Dec 14 2021

			1 + x + x^2 + 2*x^3 + 5*x^4 + 13*x^5 + 35*x^6 + 97*x^7 + 275*x^8 + ...
a(3)=2 because the only Dyck paths of semilength 3 with no UUDD in them are UDUDUD and UUDUDD (the nonqualifying ones being UDUUDD, UUDDUD and UUUDDD). - _Emeric Deutsch_, Jan 27 2003

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Jean Luc Baril, Rigoberto Flórez, and José L. Ramirez, Generalized Narayana arrays, restricted Dyck paths, and related bijections, Univ. Bourgogne (France, 2025). See p. 11.
Jean-Luc Baril and José Luis Ramírez, Descent distribution on Catalan words avoiding ordered pairs of Relations, arXiv:2302.12741 [math.CO], 2023. See pp. 3, 13.
Aubrey Blecher, Charlotte Brennan, and Arnold Knopfmacher, Peaks in bargraphs, Trans. Royal Soc. South Africa, 71, No. 1, 2016, 97-103.
Miklos Bona and Elijah DeJonge, Pattern avoiding permutations and involutions with a unique longest increasing subsequence, arXiv:2003.10640 [math.CO], 2020.
Mireille Bousquet-Mélou and Andrew Rechnitzer, The site-perimeter of bargraphs, Adv. in Appl. Math. 31 (2003), 86-112.
Ralph L. Childress, Recursive Prime Factorizations: Dyck Words as Numbers, arXiv:2102.02777 [cs.FL], 2021.
Emeric Deutsch and Sergi Elizalde, Statistics on bargraphs viewed as cornerless Motzkin paths, arXiv:1609.00088 [math.CO], September 2016.
Chris Dyer, Gábor Melis, and Phil Blunsom, A Critical Analysis of Biased Parsers in Unsupervised Parsing, arXiv:1909.09428 [cs.CL], 2019.
Juan B. Gil and Michael D. Weiner, On pattern-avoiding Fishburn permutations, arXiv:1812.01682 [math.CO], 2018-2019.
Qing Lin Lu, Skew Motzkin paths, Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series, 33(5) (2017), 657-667.
Toufik Mansour and Mark Shattuck, On ascent sequences avoiding 021 and a pattern of length four, arXiv:2507.17947 [math.CO], 2025. See p. 19.
Helmut Prodinger, Cornerless, peakless, valleyless Motzkin paths (regular and skew) and applications to bargraphs, arXiv:2501.13645 [math.CO], 2025. See p. 11.
Robin D. P. Zhou, Pattern avoidance in revised ascent sequences, arXiv:2505.05171 [math.CO], 2025. See pp. 4, 22.

Apart from initial term, same as A025242.
See A086581 for Dyck paths avoiding DDUU.
Cf. A000108, A218321, A263316, A271942 (refinement).
Column k=0 of A098978.

a082582 n = a082582_list !! n
a082582_list = 1 : 1 : f [1,1] where
   f xs'@(x:_:xs) = y : f (y : xs') where
     y = x + sum (zipWith (*) xs' $ reverse xs)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 13 2012

f:= gfun:-rectoproc({(n-1)*a(n)+(2*n+4)*a(n+2)+(-14-4*n)*a(n+3)+(5+n)*a(n+4), a(0) = 1, a(1) = 1, a(2) = 1, a(3) = 2},a(n),remember):
map(f,[$0..100]); # Robert Israel, May 20 2016

a[0]=1;a[n_Integer]:=a[n]=a[n-1]+Sum[a[k]*a[n-1-k],{k,2,n-1}];Table[a[n],{n,0,40}] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Mar 30 2011 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ 2 / (1 + x^2 + Sqrt[1 - 4 x + 2 x^2 + x^4]), {x, 0, n}] (* Michael Somos, Jul 01 2011 *)
a[n_] := Sum[HypergeometricPFQ[{-k, 3 + k, k - n}, {1, 2}, 1], {k, 0, n}];
Join[{1, 1}, Table[a[n], {n, 0, 26}]] (* Peter Luschny, Oct 18 2020 *)

a(n):=sum(sum((binomial(n-k-2,j)*binomial(k,j)*binomial(k+j+2,j))/(j+1),j,0,n-k-1),k,0,n-2); /* Vladimir Kruchinin, Oct 18 2020 */

{a(n) = polcoeff( (1 + x^2 - sqrt( 1 - 4*x + 2*x^2 + x^4 + x^2 * O(x^n))) / 2, n+1)} /* Michael Somos, Jul 22 2003 */

{a(n) = if( n<0, 0, polcoeff( 2 /(1 + x^2 + sqrt( 1 - 4*x + 2*x^2 + x^4 + x * O(x^n))),n))} /* Michael Somos, Jul 01 2011 */

{a(n) = local(A); if( n<0, 0, A = O(x); for( k = 0, n, A = 1 / (1 + x^2 - x * A)); polcoeff( A, n))} /* Michael Somos, Mar 28 2011 */

G.f.: (1 + x^2 - sqrt( 1 - 4*x + 2*x^2 + x^4)) / (2*x) = 2 /(1 + x^2 + sqrt( 1 - 4*x + 2*x^2 + x^4)).
G.f. A(x) satisfies the equation 0 = 1 - (1 + x^2) * A(x) + x * A(x)^2. - Michael Somos, Jul 22 2003
G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x) = 1 / (1 + x^2 - x * A(x)). - Michael Somos, Mar 28 2011
G.f. A(x) = 1 / (1 + x^2 - x / (1 + x^2 - x / (1 + x^2 - ... ))) continued fraction. - Michael Somos, Jul 01 2011
Series reversion of x * A(x) is x * A007477(-x). - Michael Somos, Jul 22 2003
a(n+1) = a(n) + Sum(a(k)*a(n-k): k=2..n), a(0) = a(1) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 13 2012
G.f.: 1 + x - x*G(0), where G(k)= 1 - 1/(1 - x/(1 - x/(1 - x/(1 - x/(x - 1/G(k+1) ))))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jul 12 2013
D-finite with recurrence: (n-1)*a(n)+(2*n+4)*a(n+2)+(-14-4*n)*a(n+3)+(5+n)*a(n+4) = 0. - Robert Israel, May 20 2016
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-2} Sum_{j=0..n-k-1} C(n-k-2,j)*C(k,j)*C(k+j+2,j)/(j+1), n>1, a(0)=1, a(1)=1. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Oct 18 2020
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-2} HypergeometricPFQ[{-k, 3 +k, k - n + 2}, {1, 2}, 1] for n >= 2. - Peter Luschny, Oct 18 2020
a(n) ~ sqrt(2+r) / (2 * sqrt(Pi) * n^(3/2) * r^n), where r = 0.295597742522084... is the real root of the equation r^3 + r^2 + 3*r - 1 = 0. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jun 05 2022
G.f.: 1/G(x), with G(x) = 1 - (x-x^2)/(1-x/G(x)) (continued fraction). - Nikolaos Pantelidis, Jan 11 2023

A007297 Number of connected graphs on n labeled nodes on a circle with straight-line edges that don't cross.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 4, 23, 156, 1162, 9192, 75819, 644908, 5616182, 49826712, 448771622, 4092553752, 37714212564, 350658882768, 3285490743987, 30989950019532, 294031964658430, 2804331954047160, 26870823304476690, 258548658860327880

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Mira Bernstein

Apart from the initial 1, reversion of g.f. for A162395 (squares with signs): see A263843.

			G.f. = x*(1 + x + 4*x^2 + 23*x^3 + 156*x^4 + 1162*x^5 + 9192*x^6 + 75819*x^7 + ...).

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..999 (first 101 terms from T. D. Noe)
M. Aguiar and J.-L. Loday, Quadri-algebras, J. Pure Appl. Algebra, 191 (2004), 205-221.
R. Bacher, On generating series of complementary plane trees arXiv:math/0409050 [math.CO], 2004.
P. Barry and A. Hennessy, Four-term Recurrences, Orthogonal Polynomials and Riordan Arrays, Journal of Integer Sequences, 2012, article 12.4.2. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Sep 21 2012
F. R. Bernhart & N. J. A. Sloane, Emails, April-May 1994
F. Cazals, Combinatorics of Non-Crossing Configurations, Studies in Automatic Combinatorics, Volume II (1997).
E. Deutsch and B. E. Sagan, Congruences for Catalan and Motzkin numbers and related sequences, arXiv:math/0407326 [math.CO], 2004; J. Num. Theory 117 (2006), 191-215.
C. Domb and A. J. Barrett, Enumeration of ladder graphs, Discrete Math. 9 (1974), 341-358 (column sums in Table 2).
Michael Drmota, Anna de Mier, Marc Noy, Extremal statistics on non-crossing configurations, Discrete Math. 327 (2014), 103--117. MR3192420. See Eq. (3). - N. J. A. Sloane, May 18 2014
Guillermo Esteban, Clemens Huemer, Rodrigo I. Silveira, New production matrices for geometric graphs, arXiv:2003.00524 [math.CO], 2020.
Sen-Peng Eu, Shu-Chung Liu and Yeong-Nan Yeh, On the congruences of some combinatorial numbers, Stud. Appl. Math. vol. 116 (2006) pp. 135-144.
P. Flajolet and M. Noy, Analytic Combinatorics of Non-crossing Configurations
P. Flajolet and M. Noy, Analytic combinatorics of non-crossing configurations, Discrete Math., 204, 203-229, 1999.
P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 486.
Loïc Foissy, Free quadri-algebras and dual quadri-algebras, arXiv:1504.06056 [math.CO], 2015.
I. M. Gessel, A short proof of the Deutsch-Sagan congruence for connected non crossing graphs, arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.7656 [math.CO], 2014.
Marco Kuhlmann, Tabulation of Noncrossing Acyclic Digraphs, arXiv:1504.04993 [cs.DS], 2015.
M. Kuhlmann, P. Jonsson, Parsing to Noncrossing Dependency Graphs, Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, vol. 3, pp. 559-570, 2015.
Sara Madariaga, Gröbner-Shirshov bases for the non-symmetric operads of dendriform algebras and quadri-algebras, arXiv:1304.5184 [math.RA], 2013.
B. Vallette, Manin products, Koszul duality, Loday algebras and Deligne conjecture, arXiv:math/0609002 [math.QA], 2006-2007; J. Reine Angew. Math. 620 (2008), 105-164.
Gus Wiseman, The a(5) = 156 connected non-crossing graphs.
Gus Wiseman, Constructive Mathematica program for A007297.
Anssi Yli-Jyrä and Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez, Generic Axiomatization of Families of Noncrossing Graphs in Dependency Parsing, arXiv:1706.03357 [cs.CL], 2017.
Index entries for reversions of series

Cf. A162395, A000290. 4th row of A107111. Row sums of A089434.
See A263843 for a variant.
Cf. A000108 (non-crossing set partitions), A001006, A001187, A054726 (non-crossing graphs), A054921, A099947, A194560, A293510, A323818, A324167, A324169, A324173.

A007297:=proc(n) if n = 1 then 1 else add(binomial(3*n - 3, n + j)*binomial(j - 1, j - n + 1), j = n - 1 .. 2*n - 3)/(n - 1); fi; end;

CoefficientList[ InverseSeries[ Series[(x-x^2)/(1+x)^3, {x, 0, 20}], x], x] // Rest (* From Jean-François Alcover, May 19 2011, after PARI prog. *)
Table[Binomial[3n, 2n+1] Hypergeometric2F1[1-n, n, 2n+2, -1]/n, {n, 1, 20}] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 25 2015 *)

a(n)=if(n<0,0,polcoeff(serreverse((x-x^2)/(1+x)^3+O(x^(n+2))),n+1)) /* Ralf Stephan */

Apart from initial term, g.f. is the series reversion of (x-x^2)/(1+x)^3 (A162395). See A263843. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Feb 08 2013
G.f.: (g-z)/z, where g=-1/3+(2/3)*sqrt(1+9z)*sin((1/3)*arcsin((2+27z+54z^2)/2/(1+9*z)^(3/2))). - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 02 2002
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(3n, n-k-1)*binomial(n+k-1, k). - Paul Barry, May 11 2005
a(n) = 4^(n-1)*(Gamma(3*n/2-1)/Gamma(n/2+1)/Gamma(n) -Gamma((3*n-1)/2)/ Gamma( (n+1)/2)/Gamma(n+1)). - Mark van Hoeij, Aug 27 2005, adapted to offset Feb 21 2020 by R. J. Mathar
a(n) = 4^n * binomial(3*n/2, n/2) / (9*n-6) - 4^(n-1) * binomial(3*(n-1)/2, (n-1)/2 ) / n. - Mark van Hoeij, Aug 27 2005, adapted to offset Feb 21 2020 by R. J. Mathar
D-finite with recurrence: n*(n-1)*(3*n-4)*a(n) +36*(n-1)*a(n-1) -12*(3*n-8)*(3*n-1)*(3*n-7)*a(n-2)=0. - Mark van Hoeij, Aug 27 2005, adapted to offset Feb 21 2020 by R. J. Mathar
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=0..n} C(3n, k)*C(2n-k-2, n-1). - Paul Barry, Sep 27 2005
a(n) ~ (2-sqrt(3)) * 6^n * 3^(n/2) / (sqrt(2*Pi) * n^(3/2)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Mar 17 2014
a(n) = binomial(3*n,2*n+1)*hypergeom([1-n,n], [2*n+2], -1)/n. - Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 25 2015
a(n) = 2*A078531(n) - A085614(n+1). - Vladimir Reshetnikov, Apr 24 2016

Better description from Philippe Flajolet, Apr 20 2000
More terms from James Sellers, Aug 21 2000
Definition revised and initial a(1)=1 added by N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 05 2015 at the suggestion of Axel Boldt. Some of the formulas may now need to be adjusted slightly.

A006561 Number of intersections of diagonals in the interior of a regular n-gon.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 0, 1, 5, 13, 35, 49, 126, 161, 330, 301, 715, 757, 1365, 1377, 2380, 1837, 3876, 3841, 5985, 5941, 8855, 7297, 12650, 12481, 17550, 17249, 23751, 16801, 31465, 30913, 40920, 40257, 52360, 46981, 66045, 64981, 82251, 80881, 101270, 84841, 123410, 121441

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Bjorn Poonen (poonen(AT)math.princeton.edu)

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..20000 (first 1000 terms from T. D. Noe)
Johan Gielis and Ilia Tavkhelidze, The general case of cutting of GML surfaces and bodies, arXiv:1904.01414 [math.GM], 2019.
Jessica Gonzalez, Illustration of a(4) through a(9).
M. Griffiths, Counting the regions in a regular drawing of K_{n,n}, J. Int. Seq. 13 (2010) # 10.8.5.
M. F. Hasler, Interactive illustration of A006561(n), Sep 01 2017. (For colored versions see A006533.)
Sascha Kurz, m-gons in regular n-gons.
Roger Mansuy, Des croisements pas si faciles à compter, La Recherche, 547, Mai 2019 (in French).
B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, The Number of Intersection Points Made by the Diagonals of a Regular Polygon, SIAM J. Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 11, No.1 (1998) pp. 135-156; DOI:10.1137/S0895480195281246. [Copy on B. Poonen's web site.]
B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, The number of intersection points made by the diagonals of a regular polygon, arXiv:math/9508209 [math.MG]: revision from 2006 has a few typos from the published version corrected.
B. Poonen and M. Rubinstein, Mathematica programs for A006561 and related sequences.
M. Rubinstein, Drawings for n=4,5,6,....
N. J. A. Sloane, Illustrations of a(8) and a(9).
N. J. A. Sloane, Three (No, 8) Lovely Problems from the OEIS, Experimental Mathematics Seminar, Rutgers University, Oct 05 2017, Part I, Part 2, Slides. (Mentions this sequence)
N. J. A. Sloane (in collaboration with Scott R. Shannon), Art and Sequences, Slides of guest lecture in Math 640, Rutgers Univ., Feb 8, 2020. Mentions this sequence.
N. J. A. Sloane, "A Handbook of Integer Sequences" Fifty Years Later, arXiv:2301.03149 [math.NT], 2023, p. 18.
Robert G. Wilson v, Illustration of a(10)
Index entry for Sequences formed by drawing all diagonals in regular polygon

Sequences related to chords in a circle: A001006, A054726, A006533, A006561, A006600, A007569, A007678. See also entries for chord diagrams in Index file.
See also A101363, A292104, A292105.
See A290447 for an analogous problem on a line.

delta:=(m,n) -> if (n mod m) = 0 then 1 else 0; fi;
f:=proc(n) global delta;
if n <= 2 then 0 else \
binomial(n,4)  \
+ (-5*n^3 + 45*n^2 - 70*n + 24)*delta(2,n)/24 \
- (3*n/2)*delta(4,n) \
+ (-45*n^2 + 262*n)*delta(6,n)/6  \
+ 42*n*delta(12,n) \
+ 60*n*delta(18,n) \
+ 35*n*delta(24,n) \
- 38*n*delta(30,n) \
- 82*n*delta(42,n) \
- 330*n*delta(60,n) \
- 144*n*delta(84,n) \
- 96*n*delta(90,n) \
- 144*n*delta(120,n) \
- 96*n*delta(210,n); fi; end;
[seq(f(n),n=1..100)]; # N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 09 2017

del[m_,n_]:=If[Mod[n,m]==0,1,0]; Int[n_]:=If[n<4, 0, Binomial[n,4] + del[2,n](-5n^3+45n^2-70n+24)/24 - del[4,n](3n/2) + del[6,n](-45n^2+262n)/6 + del[12,n]*42n + del[18,n]*60n + del[24,n]*35n - del[30,n]*38n - del[42,n]*82n - del[60,n]*330n - del[84,n]*144n - del[90,n]*96n - del[120,n]*144n - del[210,n]*96n]; Table[Int[n], {n,1,1000}] (* T. D. Noe, Dec 21 2006 *)

apply( {A006561(n)=binomial(n,4)+if(n%2==0, (n>2) + (-5*n^2+45*n-70)*n/24 + vecsum([t[2] | t<-[4,6,12,18,24,30,42,60,84,90,120,210;-3/2,(262-45*n)/6,42,60,35,-38,-82,-330,-144,-96,-144,-96], n%t[1]==0])*n)}, [1..44]) \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 23 2017, edited Aug 06 2021

def d(n,m): return not n % m
def A006561(n): return 0 if n == 2 else n*(42*d(n,12) - 144*d(n,120) + 60*d(n,18) - 96*d(n,210) + 35*d(n,24)- 38*d(n,30) - 82*d(n,42) - 330*d(n,60) - 144*d(n,84) - 96*d(n,90)) + (n**4 - 6*n**3 + 11*n**2 - 6*n -d(n,2)*(5*n**3 - 45*n**2 + 70*n - 24) - 36*d(n,4)*n - 4*d(n,6)*n*(45*n - 262))//24 # Chai Wah Wu, Mar 08 2021

Let delta(m,n) = 1 if m divides n, otherwise 0.
For n >= 3, a(n) = binomial(n,4) + (-5*n^3 + 45*n^2 - 70*n + 24)*delta(2,n)/24
- (3*n/2)*delta(4,n) + (-45*n^2 + 262*n)*delta(6,n)/6 + 42*n*delta(12,n)
+ 60*n*delta(18,n) + 35*n*delta(24,n) - 38*n*delta(30,n)
- 82*n*delta(42,n) - 330*n*delta(60,n) - 144*n*delta(84,n)
- 96*n*delta(90,n) - 144*n*delta(120,n) - 96*n*delta(210,n). [Poonen and Rubinstein, Theorem 1] - N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 09 2017
For odd n, a(n) = binomial(n,4) = n*(n-1)*(n-2)*(n-3)/24, see A053126. For even n, use this formula, but then subtract 2 for every 3-crossing, subtract 5 for every 4-crossing, subtract 9 for every 5-crossing, etc. The number to be subtracted for a d-crossing is (d-1)*(d-2)/2. - Graeme McRae, Dec 26 2004
a(n) = A007569(n) - n. - T. D. Noe, Dec 23 2006
a(2n+5) = A053126(n+4). - Philippe Deléham, Jun 07 2013

A135565 Number of line segments in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 8, 20, 42, 91, 136, 288, 390, 715, 756, 1508, 1722, 2835, 3088, 4896, 4320, 7923, 8360, 12180, 12782, 17963, 16344, 25600, 26494, 35451, 36456, 47908, 38310, 63395, 64800, 82368, 84082, 105315, 99972, 132756, 135014, 165243, 167720

Offset: 1

Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Feb 23 2008

A line segment (or edge) is considered to end at any vertex where two or more chords meet.

I.e., edge count of the n-polygon diagonal intersection graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Mar 08 2018

David W. Wilson, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
N. J. A. Sloane (in collaboration with Scott R. Shannon), Art and Sequences, Slides of guest lecture in Math 640, Rutgers Univ., Feb 8, 2020. Mentions this sequence.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Edge Count
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Polygon Diagonal Intersection Graph
Sequences formed by drawing all diagonals in regular polygon

Sequences related to chords in a circle: A001006, A054726, A006533, A006561, A006600, A007569, A007678. See also entries for chord diagrams in Index file.

del[m_, n_] := Boole[Mod[n, m] == 0];
A007569[n_] :=
If[n < 4, n,
  n + Binomial[n, 4] + del[2, n] (-5 n^3 + 45 n^2 - 70 n + 24)/24 -
   del[4, n] (3 n/2) + del[6, n] (-45 n^2 + 262 n)/6 +
   del[12, n]*42 n + del[18, n]*60 n + del[24, n]*35 n -
   del[30, n]*38 n - del[42, n]*82 n - del[60, n]*330 n -
   del[84, n]*144 n - del[90, n]*96 n - del[120, n]*144 n -
   del[210, n]*96 n];
A007678[n_] :=
  If[n < 3,
   0, (n^4 - 6 n^3 + 23 n^2 - 42 n + 24)/24 +
    del[2, n] (-5 n^3 + 42 n^2 - 40 n - 48)/48 - del[4, n] (3 n/4) +
    del[6, n] (-53 n^2 + 310 n)/12 + del[12, n] (49 n/2) +
    del[18, n]*32 n + del[24, n]*19 n - del[30, n]*36 n -
    del[42, n]*50 n - del[60, n]*190 n - del[84, n]*78 n -
    del[90, n]*48 n - del[120, n]*78 n - del[210, n]*48 n];
a[n_] := A007569[n] + A007678[n] - 1;
Array[a, 40] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 07 2017, after Max Alekseyev, using T. D. Noe's code for A007569 and A007678 *)

a(n) = A007569(n) + A007678(n) - 1. - Max Alekseyev

A324170 Numbers whose multiset multisystem (A302242) is crossing.

Original entry on oeis.org

2117, 3973, 4234, 4843, 5183, 5249, 5891, 6351, 6757, 7181, 7801, 7946, 8249, 8468, 8903, 9193, 9686, 9727, 10019, 10063, 10366, 10498, 10585, 11051, 11513, 11567, 11782, 11857, 11919, 12557, 12629, 12702, 12851, 13021, 13193, 13459, 13514, 13631, 14123, 14362

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Feb 17 2019

nonn

A prime index of n is a number m such that prime(m) divides n. The multiset of prime indices of n is row n of A112798. The multiset multisystem of n is obtained by taking the multiset of prime indices of each prime index of n.

A multiset of multisets is crossing if it contains a 2-element submultiset of the form {{...x...y...}, {...z...t...}} where x < z < y < t or z < x < t < y.

			The sequence of terms together with their multiset multisystems begins:
  2117: {{1,3},{2,4}}
  3973: {{1,3},{2,5}}
  4234: {{},{1,3},{2,4}}
  4843: {{1,3},{2,6}}
  5183: {{1,1,3},{2,4}}
  5249: {{1,3},{1,2,4}}
  5891: {{1,4},{2,5}}
  6351: {{1},{1,3},{2,4}}
  6757: {{1,3},{2,7}}
  7181: {{1,4},{2,6}}
  7801: {{1,3},{2,8}}
  7946: {{},{1,3},{2,5}}
  8249: {{2,4},{1,2,3}}
  8468: {{},{},{1,3},{2,4}}
  8903: {{1,3},{2,2,4}}
  9193: {{1,3},{1,2,5}}
  9686: {{},{1,3},{2,6}}
  9727: {{1,1,3},{2,5}}

Cf. A000108, A001055, A001263, A002662, A016098, A054726, A056239, A099947, A112798, A302242.

Cf. A324166, A324167, A324168, A324169, A324171, A324173.

primeMS[n_]:=If[n==1,{},Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]];
croXQ[stn_]:=MatchQ[stn,{_,{_,x_,_,y_,_},_,{_,z_,_,t_,_},_}/;x

cp's OEIS Frontend

A085615 Duplicate of A054726.

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A001006 Motzkin numbers: number of ways of drawing any number of nonintersecting chords joining n (labeled) points on a circle.

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A001003 Schroeder's second problem (generalized parentheses); also called super-Catalan numbers or little Schroeder numbers.

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A007678 Number of regions in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.

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A007569 Number of nodes in regular n-gon with all diagonals drawn.

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A082582 Expansion of (1 + x^2 - sqrt( 1 - 4*x + 2*x^2 + x^4)) / (2*x) in powers of x.

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A082582 Expansion of (1 + x^2 - sqrt( 1 - 4x + 2x^2 + x^4)) / (2*x) in powers of x.