cp's OEIS Frontend

Apart from initial term, same as A000079 (powers of 2).

Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n. - Toby Bartels, Aug 27 2003

Number of ways of putting n unlabeled items into (any number of) labeled boxes where every box contains at least one item. Also "unimodal permutations of n items", i.e., those which rise then fall. (E.g., for three items: ABC, ACB, BCA and CBA are unimodal.) - Henry Bottomley, Jan 17 2001

Number of permutations in S_n avoiding the patterns 213 and 312. - Tuwani Albert Tshifhumulo, Apr 20 2001. More generally (see Simion and Schmidt), the number of permutations in S_n avoiding (i) the 123 and 132 patterns; (ii) the 123 and 213 patterns; (iii) the 132 and 213 patterns; (iv) the 132 and 231 patterns; (v) the 132 and 312 patterns; (vi) the 213 and 231 patterns; (vii) the 213 and 312 patterns; (viii) the 231 and 312 patterns; (ix) the 231 and 321 patterns; (x) the 312 and 321 patterns.

a(n+2) is the number of distinct Boolean functions of n variables under action of symmetric group.

Number of unlabeled (1+2)-free posets. - Detlef Pauly, May 25 2003

Image of the central binomial coefficients A000984 under the Riordan array ((1-x), x*(1-x)). - Paul Barry, Mar 18 2005

Binomial transform of (1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, ...); inverse binomial transform of A007051. - Philippe Deléham, Jul 04 2005

Also, number of rationals in [0, 1) whose binary expansions terminate after n bits. - Brad Chalfan, May 29 2006

Equals row sums of triangle A144157. - Gary W. Adamson, Sep 12 2008

Prepend A089067 with a 1, getting (1, 1, 3, 5, 13, 23, 51, ...) as polcoeff A(x); then (1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...) = A(x)/A(x^2). - Gary W. Adamson, Feb 18 2010

An elephant sequence, see A175655. For the central square four A[5] vectors, with decimal values 2, 8, 32 and 128, lead to this sequence. For the corner squares these vectors lead to the companion sequence A094373. - Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 15 2010

From Paul Curtz, Jul 20 2011: (Start)

Array T(m,n) = 2*T(m,n-1) + T(m-1,n):

1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ... = a(n)

1, 3, 8, 20, 48, 112, ... = A001792,

1, 5, 18, 56, 160, 432, ... = A001793,

1, 7, 32, 120, 400, 1232, ... = A001794,

1, 9, 50, 220, 840, 2912, ... = A006974, followed with A006975, A006976, gives nonzero coefficients of Chebyshev polynomials of first kind A039991 =

1,

1, 0,

2, 0, -1,

4, 0, -3, 0,

8, 0, -8, 0, 1.

T(m,n) third vertical: 2*n^2, n positive (A001105).

Fourth vertical appears in Janet table even rows, last vertical (A168342 array, A138509, rank 3, 13, = A166911)). (End)

A131577(n) and differences are:

0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,

1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, = a(n),

0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,

1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.

Number of 2-color necklaces of length 2n equal to their complemented reversal. For length 2n+1, the number is 0. - David W. Wilson, Jan 01 2012

Edges and also central terms of triangle A198069: a(0) = A198069(0,0) and for n > 0: a(n) = A198069(n,0) = A198069(n,2^n) = A198069(n,2^(n-1)). - Reinhard Zumkeller, May 26 2013

These could be called the composition numbers (see the second comment) since the equivalent sequence for partitions is A000041, the partition numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 28 2013

Number of self conjugate integer partitions with exactly n parts for n>=1. - David Christopher, Aug 18 2014

The sequence is the INVERT transform of (1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 16 2015

Number of threshold graphs on n nodes [Hougardy]. - Falk Hüffner, Dec 03 2015

Number of ternary words of length n in which binary subwords appear in the form 10...0. - Milan Janjic, Jan 25 2017

a(n) is the number of words of length n over an alphabet of two letters, of which one letter appears an even number of times (the empty word of length 0 is included). See the analogous odd number case in A131577, and the Balakrishnan reference in A006516 (the 4-letter odd case), pp. 68-69, problems 2.66, 2.67 and 2.68. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jul 17 2017

Number of D-equivalence classes of Łukasiewicz paths. Łukasiewicz paths are D-equivalent iff the positions of pattern D are identical in these paths. - Sergey Kirgizov, Apr 08 2018

Number of color patterns (set partitions) for an oriented row of length n using two or fewer colors (subsets). Two color patterns are equivalent if we permute the colors. For a(4)=8, the 4 achiral patterns are AAAA, AABB, ABAB, and ABBA; the 4 chiral patterns are the 2 pairs AAAB-ABBB and AABA-ABAA. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 30 2018

The determinant of the symmetric n X n matrix M defined by M(i,j) = (-1)^max(i,j) for 1 <= i,j <= n is equal to a(n) * (-1)^(n*(n+1)/2). - Bernard Schott, Dec 29 2018

For n>=1, a(n) is the number of permutations of length n whose cyclic representations can be written in such a way that when the cycle parentheses are removed what remains is 1 through n in natural order. For example, a(4)=8 since there are exactly 8 permutations of this form, namely, (1 2 3 4), (1)(2 3 4), (1 2)(3 4), (1 2 3)(4), (1)(2)(3 4), (1)(2 3)(4), (1 2)(3)(4), and (1)(2)(3)(4). Our result follows readily by conditioning on k, the number of parentheses pairs of the form ")(" in the cyclic representation. Since there are C(n-1,k) ways to insert these in the cyclic representation and since k runs from 0 to n-1, we obtain a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} C(n-1,k) = 2^(n-1). - Dennis P. Walsh, May 23 2020

Maximum number of preimages that a permutation of length n + 1 can have under the consecutive-231-avoiding stack-sorting map. - Colin Defant, Aug 28 2020

a(n) is the number of occurrences of the empty set {} in the von Neumann ordinals from 0 up to n. Each ordinal k is defined as the set of all smaller ordinals: 0 = {}, 1 = {0}, 2 = {0,1}, etc. Since {} is the foundational element of all ordinals, the total number of times it appears grows as powers of 2. - Kyle Wyonch, Mar 30 2025

This is a bisection of the Fibonacci sequence A000045. a(n) = F(2*n-1), with F(n) = A000045(n) and F(-1) = 1.

Number of ordered trees with n+1 edges and height at most 3 (height=number of edges on a maximal path starting at the root). Number of directed column-convex polyominoes of area n+1. Number of nondecreasing Dyck paths of length 2n+2. - Emeric Deutsch, Jul 11 2001

Terms are the solutions x to: 5x^2-4 is a square, with 5x^2-4 in A081071 and sqrt(5x^2-4) in A002878. - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 07 2002

a(0) = a(1) = 1, a(n+1) is the smallest Fibonacci number greater than the n-th partial sum. - Amarnath Murthy, Oct 21 2002

The fractional part of tau*a(n) decreases monotonically to zero. - Benoit Cloitre, Feb 01 2003

Numbers k such that floor(phi^2*k^2) - floor(phi*k)^2 = 1 where phi=(1+sqrt(5))/2. - Benoit Cloitre, Mar 16 2003

Number of leftist horizontally convex polyominoes with area n+1.

Number of 31-avoiding words of length n on alphabet {1,2,3} which do not end in 3. (E.g., at n=3, we have 111, 112, 121, 122, 132, 211, 212, 221, 222, 232, 321, 322 and 332.) See A028859. - Jon Perry, Aug 04 2003

Appears to give all solutions > 1 to the equation: x^2 = ceiling(x*r*floor(x/r)) where r=phi=(1+sqrt(5))/2. - Benoit Cloitre, Feb 24 2004

a(1) = 1, a(2) = 2, then the least number such that the square of any term is just less than the geometric mean of its neighbors. a(n+1)*a(n-1) > a(n)^2. - Amarnath Murthy, Apr 06 2004

All positive integer solutions of Pell equation b(n)^2 - 5*a(n+1)^2 = -4 together with b(n)=A002878(n), n >= 0. - Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 31 2004

Essentially same as Pisot sequence E(2,5).

Number of permutations of [n+1] avoiding 321 and 3412. E.g., a(3) = 13 because the permutations of [4] avoiding 321 and 3412 are 1234, 2134, 1324, 1243, 3124, 2314, 2143, 1423, 1342, 4123, 3142, 2413, 2341. - Bridget Tenner, Aug 15 2005

Number of 1324-avoiding circular permutations on [n+1].

A subset of the Markoff numbers (A002559). - Robert G. Wilson v, Oct 05 2005

(x,y) = (a(n), a(n+1)) are the solutions of x/(yz) + y/(xz) + z/(xy) = 3 with z=1. - Floor van Lamoen, Nov 29 2001

Number of (s(0), s(1), ..., s(2n)) such that 0 < s(i) < 5 and |s(i) - s(i-1)| = 1 for i = 1,2,...,2n, s(0) = 1, s(2n) = 1. - Herbert Kociemba, Jun 10 2004

With interpolated zeros, counts closed walks of length n at the start or end node of P_4. a(n) counts closed walks of length 2n at the start or end node of P_4. The sequence 0,1,0,2,0,5,... counts walks of length n between the start and second node of P_4. - Paul Barry, Jan 26 2005

a(n) is the number of ordered trees on n edges containing exactly one non-leaf vertex all of whose children are leaves (every ordered tree must contain at least one such vertex). For example, a(0) = 1 because the root of the tree with no edges is not considered to be a leaf and the condition "all children are leaves" is vacuously satisfied by the root and a(4) = 13 counts all 14 ordered trees on 4 edges (A000108) except (ignore dots)

|..|

.\/.

which has two such vertices. - David Callan, Mar 02 2005

Number of directed column-convex polyominoes of area n. Example: a(2)=2 because we have the 1 X 2 and the 2 X 1 rectangles. - Emeric Deutsch, Jul 31 2006

Same as the number of Kekulé structures in polyphenanthrene in terms of the number of hexagons in extended (1,1)-nanotubes. See Table 1 on page 411 of I. Lukovits and D. Janezic. - Parthasarathy Nambi, Aug 22 2006

Number of free generators of degree n of symmetric polynomials in 3-noncommuting variables. - Mike Zabrocki, Oct 24 2006

Inverse: With phi = (sqrt(5) + 1)/2, log_phi((sqrt(5)*a(n) + sqrt(5*a(n)^2 - 4))/2) = n for n >= 1. - David W. Cantrell (DWCantrell(AT)sigmaxi.net), Feb 19 2007

Consider a teacher who teaches one student, then he finds he can teach two students while the original student learns to teach a student. And so on with every generation an individual can teach one more student then he could before. a(n) starting at a(2) gives the total number of new students/teachers (see program). - Ben Paul Thurston, Apr 11 2007

The Diophantine equation a(n)=m has a solution (for m >= 1) iff ceiling(arcsinh(sqrt(5)*m/2)/log(phi)) != ceiling(arccosh(sqrt(5)*m/2)/log(phi)) where phi is the golden ratio. An equivalent condition is A130255(m)=A130256(m). - Hieronymus Fischer, May 24 2007

a(n+1) = B^(n)(1), n >= 0, with compositions of Wythoff's complementary A(n):=A000201(n) and B(n)=A001950(n) sequences. See the W. Lang link under A135817 for the Wythoff representation of numbers (with A as 1 and B as 0 and the argument 1 omitted). E.g., 2=`0`, 5=`00`, 13=`000`, ..., in Wythoff code.

Bisection of the Fibonacci sequence into odd-indexed nonzero terms (1, 2, 5, 13, ...) and even-indexed terms (1, 3, 8, 21, ...) may be represented as row sums of companion triangles A140068 and A140069. - Gary W. Adamson, May 04 2008

a(n) is the number of partitions pi of [n] (in standard increasing form) such that Flatten[pi] is a (2-1-3)-avoiding permutation. Example: a(4)=13 counts all 15 partitions of [4] except 13/24 and 13/2/4. Here "standard increasing form" means the entries are increasing in each block and the blocks are arranged in increasing order of their first entries. Also number that avoid 3-1-2. - David Callan, Jul 22 2008

Let P be the partial sum operator, A000012: (1; 1,1; 1,1,1; ...) and A153463 = M, the partial sum & shift operator. It appears that beginning with any randomly taken sequence S(n), iterates of the operations M * S(n), -> M * ANS, -> P * ANS, etc. (or starting with P) will rapidly converge upon a two-sequence limit cycle of (1, 2, 5, 13, 34, ...) and (1, 1, 3, 8, 21, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 27 2008

Number of musical compositions of Rhythm-music over a time period of n-1 units. Example: a(4)=13; indeed, denoting by R a rest over a time period of 1 unit and by N[j] a note over a period of j units, we have (writing N for N[1]): NNN, NNR, NRN, RNN, NRR, RNR, RRN, RRR, N[2]R, RN[2], NN[2], N[2]N, N[3] (see the J. Groh reference, pp. 43-48). - Juergen K. Groh (juergen.groh(AT)lhsystems.com), Jan 17 2010

Given an infinite lower triangular matrix M with (1, 2, 3, ...) in every column but the leftmost column shifted upwards one row. Then (1, 2, 5, ...) = lim_{n->infinity} M^n. (Cf. A144257.) - Gary W. Adamson, Feb 18 2010

As a fraction: 8/71 = 0.112676 or 98/9701 = 0.010102051334... (fraction 9/71 or 99/9701 for sequence without initial term). 19/71 or 199/9701 for sequence in reverse. - Mark Dols, May 18 2010

For n >= 1, a(n) is the number of compositions (ordered integer partitions) of 2n-1 into an odd number of odd parts. O.g.f.: (x-x^3)/(1-3x^2+x^4) = A(A(x)) where A(x) = 1/(1-x)-1/(1-x^2).

For n > 0, determinant of the n X n tridiagonal matrix with 1's in the super and subdiagonals, (1,3,3,3,...) in the main diagonal, and the rest zeros. - Gary W. Adamson, Jun 27 2011

The Gi3 sums, see A180662, of the triangles A108299 and A065941 equal the terms of this sequence without a(0). - Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 14 2011

The number of permutations for which length equals reflection length. - Bridget Tenner, Feb 22 2012

Number of nonisomorphic graded posets with 0 and 1 and uniform Hasse graph of rank n+1, with exactly 2 elements of each rank between 0 and 1. (Uniform used in the sense of Retakh, Serconek and Wilson. Graded used in R. Stanley's sense that all maximal chains have the same length.)

HANKEL transform of sequence and the sequence omitting a(0) is the sequence A019590(n). This is the unique sequence with that property. - Michael Somos, May 03 2012

The number of Dyck paths of length 2n and height at most 3. - Ira M. Gessel, Aug 06 2012

Pisano period lengths: 1, 3, 4, 3, 10, 12, 8, 6, 12, 30, 5, 12, 14, 24, 20, 12, 18, 12, 9, 30, ... - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012

Primes in the sequence are 2, 5, 13, 89, 233, 1597, 28657, ... (apparently A005478 without the 3). - R. J. Mathar, May 09 2013

a(n+1) is the sum of rising diagonal of the Pascal triangle written as a square - cf. comments in A085812. E.g., 13 = 1+5+6+1. - John Molokach, Sep 26 2013

a(n) is the top left entry of the n-th power of any of the 3 X 3 matrices [1, 1, 1; 1, 1, 1; 0, 1, 1] or [1, 1, 1; 0, 1, 1; 1, 1, 1] or [1, 1, 0; 1, 1, 1; 1, 1, 1] or [1, 0, 1; 1, 1, 1; 1, 1, 1]. - R. J. Mathar, Feb 03 2014

Except for the initial term, positive values of x (or y) satisfying x^2 - 3xy + y^2 + 1 = 0. - Colin Barker, Feb 04 2014

Except for the initial term, positive values of x (or y) satisfying x^2 - 18xy + y^2 + 64 = 0. - Colin Barker, Feb 16 2014

Positive values of x such that there is a y satisfying x^2 - xy - y^2 - 1 = 0. - Ralf Stephan, Jun 30 2014

a(n) is also the number of permutations simultaneously avoiding 231, 312 and 321 in the classical sense which can be realized as labels on an increasing strict binary tree with 2n-1 nodes. See A245904 for more information on increasing strict binary trees. - Manda Riehl, Aug 07 2014

(1, a(n), a(n+1)), n >= 0, are Markoff triples (see A002559 and Robert G. Wilson v's Oct 05 2005 comment). In the Markoff tree they give one of the outer branches. Proof: a(n)*a(n+1) - 1 = A001906(2*n)^2 = (a(n+1) - a(n))^2 = a(n)^2 + a(n+1)^2 - 2*a(n)*a(n+1), thus 1^2 + a(n)^2 + a(n+1)^2 = 3*a(n)*a(n+1). - Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 30 2015

For n > 0, a(n) is the smallest positive integer not already in the sequence such that a(1) + a(2) + ... + a(n) is a Fibonacci number. - Derek Orr, Jun 01 2015

Number of vertices of degree n-2 (n >= 3) in all Fibonacci cubes, see Klavzar, Mollard, & Petkovsek. - Emeric Deutsch, Jun 22 2015

Except for the first term, this sequence can be generated by Corollary 1 (ii) of Azarian's paper in the references for this sequence. - Mohammad K. Azarian, Jul 02 2015

Precisely the numbers F(n)^k + F(n+1)^k that are also Fibonacci numbers with k > 1, see Luca & Oyono. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 06 2015

a(n) = MA(n) - 2*(-1)^n where MA(n) is exactly the maximum area of a quadrilateral with lengths of sides in order L(n-2), L(n-2), F(n+1), F(n+1) for n > 1 and L(n)=A000032(n). - J. M. Bergot, Jan 28 2016

a(n) is the number of bargraphs of semiperimeter n+1 having no valleys (i.e., convex bargraphs). Equivalently, number of bargraphs of semiperimeter n+1 having exactly 1 peak. Example: a(5) = 34 because among the 35 (=A082582(6)) bargraphs of semiperimeter 6 only the one corresponding to the composition [2,1,2] has a valley. - Emeric Deutsch, Aug 12 2016

Integers k such that the fractional part of k*phi is less than 1/k. See Byszewski link p. 2. - Michel Marcus, Dec 10 2016

Number of words of length n-1 over {0,1,2,3} in which binary subwords appear in the form 10...0. - Milan Janjic, Jan 25 2017

With a(0) = 0 this is the Riordan transform with the Riordan matrix A097805 (of the associated type) of the Fibonacci sequence A000045. See a Feb 17 2017 comment on A097805. - Wolfdieter Lang, Feb 17 2017

Number of sequences (e(1), ..., e(n)), 0 <= e(i) < i, such that there is no triple i < j < k with e(i) < e(j) < e(k). [Martinez and Savage, 2.12] - Eric M. Schmidt, Jul 17 2017

Number of permutations of [n] that avoid the patterns 321 and 2341. - Colin Defant, May 11 2018

The sequence solves the following problem: find all the pairs (i,j) such that i divides 1+j^2 and j divides 1+i^2. In fact, the pairs (a(n), a(n+1)), n > 0, are all the solutions. - Tomohiro Yamada, Dec 23 2018

Number of permutations in S_n whose principal order ideals in the Bruhat order are lattices (equivalently, modular, distributive, Boolean lattices). - Bridget Tenner, Jan 16 2020

From Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 30 2020: (Start)

a(n) is the upper left entry of the n-th power of the 2 X 2 tridiagonal matrix M_2 = Matrix([1,1], [1,2]) from A322602: a(n) = ((M_2)^n)[1,1].

Proof: (M_2)^2 = 3*M + 1_2 (with the 2 X 2 unit matrix 1_2) from the characteristic polynomial of M_2 (see a comment in A322602) and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem. The recurrence M^n = M*M^(n-1) leads to (M_n)^n = S(n, 3)*1_2 + S(n-a, 3)*(M - 3*1_2), for n >= 0, with S(n, 3) = F(2(n+1)) = A001906(n+1). Hence ((M_2)^n)[1,1] = S(n, 3) - 2*S(n-1, 3) = a(n) = F(2*n-1) = (1/(2*r+1))*r^(2*n-1)*(1 + (1/r^2)^(2*n-1)), with r = rho(5) = A001622 (golden ratio) (see the first Aug 31 2004 formula, using the recurrence of S(n, 3), and the Michael Somos Oct 28 2002 formula). This proves a conjecture of Gary W. Adamson in A322602.

The ratio a(n)/a(n-1) converges to r^2 = rho(5)^2 = A104457 for n -> infinity (see the a(n) formula in terms of r), which is one of the statements by Gary W. Adamson in A322602. (End)

a(n) is the number of ways to stack coins with a bottom row of n coins such that any coin not on the bottom row touches exactly two coins in the row below, and all the coins on any row are contiguous [Wilf, 2.12]. - Greg Dresden, Jun 29 2020

a(n) is the upper left entry of the (2*n)-th power of the 4 X 4 Jacobi matrix L with L(i,j)=1 if |i-j| = 1 and L(i,j)=0 otherwise. - Michael Shmoish, Aug 29 2020

All positive solutions of the indefinite binary quadratic F(1, -3, 1) := x^2 - 3*x*y + y^2, of discriminant 5, representing -1 (special Markov triples (1, y=x, z=y) if y <= z) are [x(n), y(n)] = [abs(F(2*n+1)), abs(F(2*n-1))], for n = -infinity..+infinity. (F(-n) = (-1)^(n+1)*F(n)). There is only this single family of proper solutions, and there are no improper solutions. [See also the Floor van Lamoen Nov 29 2001 comment, which uses this negative n, and my Jan 30 2015 comment.] - Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 23 2020

These are the denominators of the lower convergents to the golden ratio, tau; they are also the numerators of the upper convergents (viz. 1/1 < 3/2 < 8/5 < 21/13 < ... < tau < ... 13/8 < 5/3 < 2/1). - Clark Kimberling, Jan 02 2022

a(n+1) is the number of subgraphs of the path graph on n vertices. - Leen Droogendijk, Jun 17 2023

For n > 4, a(n+2) is the number of ways to tile this 3 x n "double-box" shape with squares and dominos (reflections or rotations are counted as distinct tilings). The double-box shape is made up of two horizontal strips of length n, connected by three vertical columns of length 3, and the center column can be located anywhere not touching the two outside columns.

_ _ _ _

|||_|||_|||_|||_|||

|| _ |_| _ _ ||

|||_|||_|||_|||_|||. - Greg Dresden and Ruishan Wu, Aug 25 2024

a(n+1) is the number of integer sequences a_1, ..., a_n such that for any number 1 <= k <= n, (a_1 + ... + a_k)^2 = a_1^3 + ... + a_k^3. - Yifan Xie, Dec 07 2024

Catalan convolution triangle; g.f. for column k: (x*c(x))^k with c(x) g.f. for A000108 (Catalan numbers).

Riordan array (1, xc(x)), where c(x) the g.f. of A000108; inverse of Riordan array (1, x*(1-x)) (see A109466).

Diagonal sums give A132364. - Philippe Deléham, Nov 11 2007

First bisection of A041611.

The pairs (x, y) = (a(n), a(n+1)) satisfy x^2 + y^2 = 3*x*y + 4. - Michel Lagneau, Feb 01 2014

Indices of 12-gonal numbers which are also squares (A342709). - Bernard Schott, Mar 19 2021

Values of y in solutions of x^2 = 5*y^2 - 4*y in positive integers. See A360467 for how this relates to a problem regarding the subdivision of a square into four triangles of integer area. - Alexander M. Domashenko, Feb 26 2023

And the corresponding x values of x^2 = 5*y^2 - 4*y are in A033890. - Bernard Schott, Feb 26 2023

A099390 is the main entry for this problem.

The even-indexed rows and columns of the square array in A187596.

Row (and column) 2 is given by A122367. - Nathaniel Johnston, Mar 22 2011

This is the row reversed version of A180870. See also A157751 and A228565.

The Dirichlet kernel is D(n,x) = Sum_{k=-n..n} exp(i*k*x) = 1 + 2*Sum_{k=1..n} T(n,x) = S(n, 2*y) + S(n-1, 2*y) = S(2*n, sqrt(2*(1+y))) with y = cos(x), n >= 0, with the Chebyshev polynomials T (A053120) and S (A049310). This triangle T(n, k) gives in row n the coefficients of the polynomial Dir(n,y) = D(n,x=arccos(y)) = Sum_{m=0..n} T(n,m)*y^m. See A180870, especially the Peter Bala comments and formulas.

This is the Riordan triangle ((1+z)/(1+z^2), 2*z/(1+z^2)) due to the o.g.f. for Dir(n,y) given by (1+z)/(1 - 2*y*z + z^2) = G(z)/(1 - y*F(z)) with G(z) = (1+z)/(1+z^2) and F(z) = 2*z/(1+z^2) (see the Peter Bala formula under A180870). For Riordan triangles and references see the W. Lang link 'Sheffer a- and z- sequences' under A006232.

The A- and Z- sequences of this Riordan triangle are (see the mentioned W. Lang link in the preceding comment also for the references): The A-sequence has o.g.f. 1+sqrt(1-x^2) and is given by A(2*k+1) = 0 and A(2*k) [2, -1/2, -1/8, -1/16, -5/128, -7/256, -21/1024, -33/2048, -429/32768, -715/65536, ...], k >= 0. (See A098597 and A046161.)

The Z-sequence has o.g.f. sqrt((1-x)/(1+x)) and is given by

[1, -1, 1/2, -1/2, 3/8, -3/8, 5/16, -5/16, 35/128, -35/128, ...]. (See A001790 and A046161.)

The column sequences are A057077, 2*(A004526 with even numbers signed), 4*A008805 (signed), 8*A058187 (signed), 16*A189976 (signed), 32*A189980 (signed) for m = 0, 1, ..., 5.

The row sums give A005408 (from the o.g.f. due to the Riordan property), and the alternating row sums give A033999.

The row polynomials Dir(n, x), n >= 0, give solutions to the diophantine equation (a + 1)*X^2 - (a - 1)*Y^2 = 2 by virtue of the identity (a + 1)*Dir(n, -a)^2 - (a - 1)*Dir(n, a)^2 = 2, which is easily proved inductively using the recurrence Dir(n, a) = (1 + a)*(-1)^(n-1)*Dir(n-1, -a) + a*Dir(n-1, a) given below by Wolfdieter Lang. - Peter Bala, May 08 2025

Periodic with period length 12.