A055096 -id:A055096 - cp's OEIS frontend

A002522 a(n) = n^2 + 1.

1, 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50, 65, 82, 101, 122, 145, 170, 197, 226, 257, 290, 325, 362, 401, 442, 485, 530, 577, 626, 677, 730, 785, 842, 901, 962, 1025, 1090, 1157, 1226, 1297, 1370, 1445, 1522, 1601, 1682, 1765, 1850, 1937, 2026, 2117, 2210, 2305, 2402, 2501

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

An n X n nonnegative matrix A is primitive (see A070322) iff every element of A^k is > 0 for some power k. If A is primitive then the power which should have all positive entries is <= n^2 - 2n + 2 (Wielandt).
a(n) = Phi_4(n), where Phi_k is the k-th cyclotomic polynomial.
As the positive solution to x=2n+1/x is x=n+sqrt(a(n)), the continued fraction expansion of sqrt(a(n)) is {n; 2n, 2n, 2n, 2n, ...}. - Benoit Cloitre, Dec 07 2001
a(n) is one less than the arithmetic mean of its neighbors: a(n) = (a(n-1) + a(n+1))/2 - 1. E.g., 2 = (1+5)/2 - 1, 5 = (2+10)/2 - 1. - Amarnath Murthy, Jul 29 2003
Equivalently, the continued fraction expansion of sqrt(a(n)) is (n;2n,2n,2n,...). - Franz Vrabec, Jan 23 2006
Number of {12,1*2*,21}-avoiding signed permutations in the hyperoctahedral group.
The number of squares of side 1 which can be drawn without lifting the pencil, starting at one corner of an n X n grid and never visiting an edge twice is n^2-2n+2. - Sébastien Dumortier, Jun 16 2005
Also, numbers m such that m^3 - m^2 is a square, (n*(1 + n^2))^2. - Zak Seidov
1 + 2/2 + 2/5 + 2/10 + ... = Pi*coth Pi [Jolley], see A113319. - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 21 2006
For n >= 1, a(n-1) is the minimal number of choices from an n-set such that at least one particular element has been chosen at least n times or each of the n elements has been chosen at least once. Some games define "matches" this way; e.g., in the classic Parker Brothers, now Hasbro, board game Risk, a(2)=5 is the number of cards of three available types (suits) required to guarantee at least one match of three different types or of three of the same type (ignoring any jokers or wildcards). - Rick L. Shepherd, Nov 18 2007
Positive X values of solutions to the equation X^3 + (X - 1)^2 + X - 2 = Y^2. To prove that X = n^2 + 1: Y^2 = X^3 + (X - 1)^2 + X - 2 = X^3 + X^2 - X - 1 = (X - 1)(X^2 + 2X + 1) = (X - 1)*(X + 1)^2 it means: (X - 1) must be a perfect square, so X = n^2 + 1 and Y = n(n^2 + 2). - Mohamed Bouhamida, Nov 29 2007
{a(k): 0 <= k < 4} = divisors of 10. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 17 2009
Appears in A054413 and A086902 in relation to sequences related to the numerators and denominators of continued fractions convergents to sqrt((2*n)^2/4 + 1), n=1, 2, 3, ... . - Johannes W. Meijer, Jun 12 2010
For n > 0, continued fraction [n,n] = n/a(n); e.g., [5,5] = 5/26. - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 15 2010
The only real solution of the form f(x) = A*x^p with negative p which satisfies f^(m)(x) = f^[-1](x), x >= 0, m >= 1, with f^(m) the m-th derivative and f^[-1] the compositional inverse of f, is obtained for m=2*n, p=p(n)= -(sqrt(a(n))-n) and A=A(n)=(fallfac(p(n),2*n))^(-p(n)/(p(n)+1)), with fallfac(x,k):=Product_{j=0..k-1} (x-j) (falling factorials). See the T. Koshy reference, pp. 263-4 (there are also two solutions for positive p, see the corresponding comment in A087475). - Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 21 2010
n + sqrt(a(n)) = [2*n;2*n,2*n,...] with the regular continued fraction with period 1. This is the even case. For the general case see A087475 with the Schroeder reference and comments. For the odd case see A078370.
a(n-1) counts configurations of non-attacking bishops on a 2 X n strip [Chaiken et al., Ann. Combin. 14 (2010) 419]. - R. J. Mathar, Jun 16 2011
Also numbers k such that 4*k-4 is a square. Hence this sequence is the union of A053755 and A069894. - Arkadiusz Wesolowski, Aug 02 2011
a(n) is also the Moore lower bound on the order, A191595(n), of an (n,5)-cage. - Jason Kimberley, Oct 17 2011
Left edge of the triangle in A195437: a(n+1) = A195437(n,0). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 23 2011
If h (5,17,37,65,101,...) is prime is relatively prime to 6, then h^2-1 is divisible by 24. - Vincenzo Librandi, Apr 14 2014
The identity (4*n^2+2)^2 - (n^2+1)*(4*n)^2 = 4 can be written as A005899(n)^2 - a(n)*A008586(n)^2 = 4. - Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 15 2014
a(n) is also the number of permutations simultaneously avoiding 213 and 321 in the classical sense which can be realized as labels on an increasing strict binary tree with 2n-1 nodes. See A245904 for more information on increasing strict binary trees. - Manda Riehl, Aug 07 2014
a(n-1) is the maximum number of stages in the Gale-Shapley algorithm for finding a stable matching between two sets of n elements given an ordering of preferences for each element (see Gura et al.). - Melvin Peralta, Feb 07 2016
Because of Fermat's little theorem, a(n) is never divisible by 3. - Altug Alkan, Apr 08 2016
For n > 0, if a(n) points are placed inside an n X n square, it will always be the case that at least two of the points will be a distance of sqrt(2) units apart or less. - Melvin Peralta, Jan 21 2017
Also the limit as q->1^- of the unimodal polynomial (1-q^(n*k+1))/(1-q) after making the simplification k=n. The unimodal polynomial is from O'Hara's proof of unimodality of q-binomials after making the restriction to partitions of size <= 1. See G_1(n,k) from arXiv:1711.11252. As the size restriction s increases, G_s->G_infinity=G: the q-binomials. Then substituting k=n and q=1 yields the central binomial coefficients: A000984. - Bryan T. Ek, Apr 11 2018
a(n) is the smallest number congruent to both 1 (mod n) and 2 (mod n+1). - David James Sycamore, Apr 04 2019
a(n) is the number of permutations of 1,2,...,n+1 with exactly one reduced decomposition. - Richard Stanley, Dec 22 2022
From Klaus Purath, Apr 03 2025: (Start)
The odd prime factors of these terms are always of the form 4*k + 1.
All a(n) = D satisfy the Pell equation (k*x)^2 - D*y^2 = -1. The values for k and the solutions x, y can be calculated using the following algorithm: k = n, x(0) = 1, x(1) = 4*D - 1, y(0) = 1, y(1) = 4*D - 3. The two recurrences are of the form (4*D - 2, -1). The solutions x, y of the Pell equations for n = {1 ... 14} are in OEIS.
It follows from the above that this sequence is a subsequence of A031396. (End)

			G.f. = 1 + 2*x + 5*x^2 + 10*x^3 + 17*x^4 + 26*x^5 + 37*x^6 + 50*x^7 + 65*x^8 + ...

S. J. Cyvin and I. Gutman, Kekulé structures in benzenoid hydrocarbons, Lecture Notes in Chemistry, No. 46, Springer, New York, 1988 (see p. 120).
E. Gura and M. Maschler, Insights into Game Theory: An Alternative Mathematical Experience, Cambridge, 2008; p. 26.
Thomas Koshy, Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2001.

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000. Format corrected by _Peter Kagey_, Jan 25 2016
Wawrzyniec Bieniawski, Piotr Masierak, Andrzej Tomski, and Szymon Łukaszyk, On the Salient Regularities of Strings of Assembly Theory, Preprints (2024). See p. 19.
Wawrzyniec Bieniawski, Piotr Masierak, Andrzej Tomski, and Szymon Łukaszyk, Assembly Theory - Formalizing Assembly Spaces and Discovering Patterns and Bounds, Preprints.org (2025). See p. 28.
R. P. Boas and N. J. A. Sloane, Correspondence, 1974
Yurii S. Bystryk, Vitalii L. Denysenko, and Volodymyr I. Ostryk, Lune and Lens Sequences, ResearchGate preprint, 2024. See pp. 44, 56.
Giulio Cerbai and Luca Ferrari, Permutation patterns in genome rearrangement problems: the reversal model, arXiv:1903.08774 [math.CO], 2019. See p. 19.
S. Chaiken et al., Nonattacking Queens in a Rectangular Strip, arXiv:1105.5087 [math.CO], 2011.
Bryan Ek, Unimodal Polynomials and Lattice Walk Enumeration with Experimental Mathematics, arXiv:1804.05933 [math.CO], 2018.
R. M. Green and Tianyuan Xu, 2-roots for simply laced Weyl groups, arXiv:2204.09765 [math.RT], 2022.
Guo-Niu Han, Enumeration of Standard Puzzles
Guo-Niu Han, Enumeration of Standard Puzzles [Cached copy]
Cheyne Homberger, Patterns in Permutations and Involutions: A Structural and Enumerative Approach, arXiv:1410.2657 [math.CO], 2014.
C. Homberger and V. Vatter, On the effective and automatic enumeration of polynomial permutation classes, arXiv:1308.4946 [math.CO], 2013.
L. B. W. Jolley, Summation of Series, Dover, 1961, p. 176.
S. J. Leon, Linear Algebra with Applications: the Perron-Frobenius Theorem [Cached copy at the Wayback Machine]
T. Mansour and J. West, Avoiding 2-letter signed patterns, arXiv:math/0207204 [math.CO], 2002.
Michelle Rudolph-Lilith, On the Product Representation of Number Sequences, with Application to the Fibonacci Family, arXiv:1508.07894 [math.NT], 2015.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Number Picking
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Near-Square Prime
Helmut Wielandt, Unzerlegbare, nicht negative Matrizen, Math. Z. 52 (1950), 642-648. volume 52
Reinhard Zumkeller, Enumerations of Divisors
Index to values of cyclotomic polynomials of integer argument
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,-3,1).

Left edge of A055096.
Cf. A059100, A117950, A087475, A117951, A114949, A117619 (sequences of form n^2 + K).
a(n+1) = A101220(n, n+1, 3).
Cf. A059592, A124808, A132411, A132414, A028872, A005408, A000124, A016813, A086514, A000125, A058331, A080856, A000127, A161701-A161704, A161706, A161707, A161708, A161710-A161713, A161715, A006261.
Moore lower bound on the order of a (k,g) cage: A198300 (square); rows: A000027 (k=2), A027383 (k=3), A062318 (k=4), A061547 (k=5), A198306 (k=6), A198307 (k=7), A198308 (k=8), A198309 (k=9), A198310 (k=10), A094626 (k=11); columns: A020725 (g=3), A005843 (g=4), this sequence (g=5), A051890 (g=6), A188377 (g=7). - Jason Kimberley, Oct 30 2011
Cf. A002496 (primes).
Cf. A254858.
Cf. A302612, A302644, A302645, A302646.
Subsequence of A031396.

a002522 = (+ 1) . (^ 2)
a002522_list = scanl (+) 1 [1,3..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 06 2012

[n^2 + 1: n in [0..50]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, May 01 2011

A002522 := proc(n)
        numtheory[cyclotomic](4,n) ;
end proc:
seq(A002522(n),n=0..20) ; # R. J. Mathar, Feb 07 2014

Table[n^2 + 1, {n, 0, 50}]; (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Dec 15 2008 *)

A002522(n):=n^2+1$ makelist(A002522(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 07 2012 */

a(n)=n^2+1 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 10 2011

O.g.f.: (1-x+2*x^2)/((1-x)^3). - Eric Werley, Jun 27 2011
Sequences of the form a(n) = n^2 + K with offset 0 have o.g.f. (K - 2*K*x + K*x^2 + x + x^2)/(1-x)^3 and recurrence a(n) = 3*a(n-1) - 3*a(n-2) + a*(n-3). - R. J. Mathar, Apr 28 2008
For n > 0: a(n-1) = A143053(A000290(n)) - 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 20 2008
A143053(a(n)) = A000290(n+1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 20 2008
a(n)*a(n-2) = (n-1)^4 + 4. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 12 2009
a(n) = A156798(n)/A087475(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 16 2009
From Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 08 2010: (Start)
a(n) = A170949(A002061(n+1));
A170949(a(n)) = A132411(n+1);
A170950(a(n)) = A002061(n+1). (End)
For n > 1, a(n)^2 + (a(n) + 1)^2 + ... + (a(n) + n - 2)^2 + (a(n) + n - 1 + a(n) + n)^2 = (n+1) *(6*n^4 + 18*n^3 + 26*n^2 + 19*n + 6) / 6 = (a(n) + n)^2 + ... + (a(n) + 2*n)^2. - Charlie Marion, Jan 10 2011
From Eric Werley, Jun 27 2011: (Start)
a(n) = 2*a(n-1) - a(n-2) + 2.
a(n) = a(n-1) + 2*n - 1. (End)
a(n) = (n-1)^2 + 2(n-1) + 2 = 122 read in base n-1 (for n > 3). - Jason Kimberley, Oct 20 2011
a(n)*a(n+1) = a(n*(n+1) + 1) so a(1)*a(2) = a(3). More generally, a(n)*a(n+k) = a(n*(n+k) + 1) + k^2 - 1. - Jon Perry, Aug 01 2012
a(n) = (n!)^2* [x^n] BesselI(0, 2*sqrt(x))*(1+x). - Peter Luschny, Aug 25 2012
a(n) = A070216(n,1) for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 11 2012
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(1 + x + x^2). - Geoffrey Critzer, Aug 30 2013
a(n) = A254858(n-2,3) for n > 2. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 09 2015
Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n / a(n) = (1+Pi/sinh(Pi))/2 = 0.636014527491... = A367976 . - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 14 2015
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = (1 + Pi*coth(Pi))/2 = 2.076674... = A113319. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Apr 10 2016
4*a(n) = A001105(n-1) + A001105(n+1). - Bruno Berselli, Jul 03 2017
From Amiram Eldar, Jan 20 2021: (Start)
Product_{n>=0} (1 + 1/a(n)) = sqrt(2)*csch(Pi)*sinh(sqrt(2)*Pi).
Product_{n>=1} (1 - 1/a(n)) = Pi*csch(Pi). (End)
Sum_{n>=0} a(n)/n! = 3*e. - Davide Rotondo, Feb 16 2025

Partially edited by Joerg Arndt, Mar 11 2010

A001844 Centered square numbers: a(n) = 2n(n+1)+1. Sums of two consecutive squares. Also, consider all Pythagorean triples (X, Y, Z=Y+1) ordered by increasing Z; then sequence gives Z values.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 5, 13, 25, 41, 61, 85, 113, 145, 181, 221, 265, 313, 365, 421, 481, 545, 613, 685, 761, 841, 925, 1013, 1105, 1201, 1301, 1405, 1513, 1625, 1741, 1861, 1985, 2113, 2245, 2381, 2521, 2665, 2813, 2965, 3121, 3281, 3445, 3613, 3785, 3961, 4141, 4325, 4513

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

These are Hogben's central polygonal numbers denoted by
...2...
....P..
...4.n.
Numbers of the form (k^2+1)/2 for k odd.
(y(2x+1))^2 + (y(2x^2+2x))^2 = (y(2x^2+2x+1))^2. E.g., let y = 2, x = 1; (2(2+1))^2 + (2(2+2))^2 = (2(2+2+1))^2, (2(3))^2 + (2(4))^2 = (2(5))^2, 6^2 + 8^2 = 10^2, 36 + 64 = 100. - Glenn B. Cox (igloos_r_us(AT)canada.com), Apr 08 2002
a(n) is also the number of 3 X 3 magic squares with sum 3(n+1). - Sharon Sela (sharonsela(AT)hotmail.com), May 11 2002
For n > 0, a(n) is the smallest k such that zeta(2) - Sum_{i=1..k} 1/i^2 <= zeta(3) - Sum_{i=1..n} 1/i^3. - Benoit Cloitre, May 17 2002
Number of convex polyominoes with a 2 X (n+1) minimal bounding rectangle.
The prime terms are given by A027862. - Lekraj Beedassy, Jul 09 2004
First difference of a(n) is 4n = A008586(n). Any entry k of the sequence is followed by k + 2*(1 + sqrt(2k - 1)). - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 04 2006
Integers of the form 1 + x + x^2/2 (generating polynomial is Schur's polynomial as in A127876). - Artur Jasinski, Feb 04 2007
If X is an n-set and Y and Z disjoint 2-subsets of X then a(n-4) is equal to the number of 4-subsets of X intersecting both Y and Z. - Milan Janjic, Aug 26 2007
Row sums of triangle A132778. - Gary W. Adamson, Sep 02 2007
Binomial transform of [1, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, ...]; = inverse binomial transform of A001788: (1, 6, 24, 80, 240, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Sep 02 2007
Narayana transform (A001263) of [1, 4, 0, 0, 0, ...]. Equals A128064 (unsigned) * [1, 2, 3, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 29 2007
k such that the Diophantine equation x^3 - y^3 = x*y + k has a solution with y = x-1. If that solution is (x,y) = (m+1,m) then m^2 + (m+1)^2 = k. Note that this Diophantine equation is an elliptic curve and (m+1,m) is an integer point on it. - James R. Buddenhagen, Aug 12 2008
Numbers k such that (k, k, 2*k-2) are the sides of an isosceles triangle with integer area. Also, k such that 2*k-1 is a square. - James R. Buddenhagen, Oct 17 2008
a(n) is also the least weight of self-conjugate partitions having n+1 different odd parts. - Augustine O. Munagi, Dec 18 2008
Prefaced with a "1": (1, 1, 5, 13, 25, 41, ...) = A153869 * (1, 2, 3, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Jan 03 2009
Prefaced with a "1": (1, 1, 5, 13, 25, 41, ...) where a(n) = 2n*(n-1)+1, all tuples of square numbers (X-Y, X, X+Y) are produced by ((m*(a(n)-2n))^2, (m*a(n))^2, (m*(a(n)+2n-2))^2) where m is a whole number. - Doug Bell, Feb 27 2009
Equals (1, 2, 3, ...) convolved with (1, 3, 4, 4, 4, ...). E.g., a(3) = 25 = (1, 2, 3, 4) dot (4, 4, 3, 1) = (4 + 8 + 9 + 4). - Gary W. Adamson, May 01 2009
The running sum of squares taken two at a time. - Al Hakanson (hawkuu(AT)gmail.com), May 18 2009
Equals the odd integers convolved with (1, 2, 2, 2, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, May 25 2009
Equals the triangular numbers convolved with [1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson & Alexander R. Povolotsky, May 29 2009
When the positive integers are written in a square array by diagonals as in A038722, a(n) gives the numbers appearing on the main diagonal. - Joshua Zucker, Jul 07 2009
The finite continued fraction [n,1,1,n] = (2n+1)/(2n^2 + 2n + 1) = (2n+1)/a(n); and the squares of the first two denominators of the convergents = a(n). E.g., the convergents and value of [4,1,1,4] = 1/4, 1/5, 2/9, 9/41 where 4^2 + 5^2 = 41. - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 15 2010
From Keith Tyler, Aug 10 2010: (Start)
Running sum of A008574.
Square open pyramidal number; that is, the number of elements in a square pyramid of height (n) with only surface and no bottom nodes. (End)
For k>0, x^4 + x^2 + k factors over the integers iff sqrt(k) is in this sequence. - James R. Buddenhagen, Aug 15 2010
Create the simple continued fraction from Pythagorean triples to get [2n + 1; 2n^2 + 2n, 2n^2 + 2n + 1]; its value equals the rational number 2n + 1 + a(n) / (4n^4 + 8n^3 + 6n^2 + 2n + 1). - J. M. Bergot, Sep 30 2011
a(n), n >= 1, has in its prime number factorization only primes of the form 4*k+1, i.e., congruent to 1 (mod 4) (see A002144). This follows from the fact that a(n) is a primitive sum of two squares and odd. See Theorem 3.20, p. 164, in the given Niven-Zuckerman-Montgomery reference. E.g., a(3) = 25 = 5^2, a(6) = 85 = 5*17. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 08 2012
From Ant King, Jun 15 2012: (Start)
a(n) is congruent to 1 (mod 4) for all n.
The digital roots of the a(n) form a purely periodic palindromic 9-cycle 1, 5, 4, 7, 5, 7, 4, 5, 1.
The units' digits of the a(n) form a purely periodic palindromic 5-cycle 1, 5, 3, 5, 1.
(End)
Number of integer solutions (x,y) of |x| + |y| <= n. Geometrically: number of lattice points inside a square with vertices (n,0), (0,-n), (-n,0), (0,n). - César Eliud Lozada, Sep 18 2012
(a(n)-1)/a(n) = 2*x / (1+x^2) where x = n/(n+1). Note that in this form, this is the velocity-addition formula according to the special theory of relativity (two objects traveling at 1/(n+1) slower than c relative to each other appear to travel at 1/a(n) less than c to a stationary observer). - Christian N. K. Anderson, May 20 2013 [Corrected by Rémi Guillaume, May 22 2025]
A geometric curiosity: the envelope of the circles x^2 + (y-a(n)/2)^2 = ((2n+1)/2)^2 is the parabola y = x^2, the n=0 circle being the osculating circle at the parabola vertex. - Jean-François Alcover, Dec 02 2013
Draw n ellipses in the plane (n>0), any 2 meeting in 4 points; a(n-1) gives the number of internal regions into which the plane is divided (cf. A051890, A046092); a(n-1) = A051890(n) - 1 = A046092(n-1) + 1. - Jaroslav Krizek, Dec 27 2013
a(n) is also, of course, the scalar product of the 2-vector (n, n+1) (or (n+1, n)) with itself. The unique inverse of (n, n+1) as vector in the Clifford algebra over the Euclidean 2-space is (1/a(n))(0, n, n+1, 0) (similarly for the other vector). In general the unique inverse of such a nonzero vector v (odd element in Cl_2) is v^(-1) = (1/|v|^2) v. Note that the inverse with respect to the scalar product is not unique for any nonzero vector. See the P. Lounesto reference, sects. 1.7 - 1.12, pp. 7-14. See also the Oct 15 2014 comment in A147973. - Wolfdieter Lang, Nov 06 2014
Subsequence of A004431, for n >= 1. - Bob Selcoe, Mar 23 2016
Numbers k such that 2k - 1 is a perfect square. - Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Apr 06 2016
The number of active (ON, black) cells in n-th stage of growth of two-dimensional cellular automaton defined by "Rule 574", based on the 5-celled von Neumann neighborhood. - Robert Price, May 13 2016
a(n) is the first integer in a sum of (2*n + 1)^2 consecutive integers that equals (2*n + 1)^4. - Patrick J. McNab, Dec 24 2016
Central elements of odd-length rows of the triangular array of positive integers. a(n) is the mean of the numbers in the (2*n + 1)-th row of this triangle. - David James Sycamore, Aug 01 2018
Intersection of A000982 and A080827. - David James Sycamore, Aug 07 2018
An off-diagonal of the array of Delannoy numbers, A008288, (or a row/column when the array is shown as a square). As such, this is one of the crystal ball sequences. - Jack W Grahl, Feb 15 2021 and Shel Kaphan, Jan 18 2023
a(n) appears as a solution to a "Riddler Express" puzzle on the FiveThirtyEight website. The Jan 21 2022 issue (problem) and the Jan 28 2022 issue (solution) present the following puzzle and include a proof. - Fold a square piece of paper in half, obtaining a rectangle. Fold again to obtain a square with 1/4 the size of the original square. Then make n cuts through the folded paper. a(n) is the greatest number of pieces of the unfolded paper after the cutting. - Manfred Boergens, Feb 22 2022
a(n) is (1/6) times the number of 2 X 2 triangles in the n-th order hexagram with 12*n^2 cells. - Donghwi Park, Feb 06 2024
If k is a centered square number, its index in this sequence is n = (sqrt(2k-1)-1)/2. - Rémi Guillaume, Mar 30 2025.
Row sums of the symmetric triangle of odd numbers [1]; [1, 3, 1]; [1, 3, 5, 3, 1]; [1, 3, 5, 7, 5, 3, 1]; .... - Marco Zárate, Jun 15 2025

			G.f.: 1 + 5*x + 13*x^2 + 25*x^3 + 41*x^4 + 61*x^5 + 85*x^6 + 113*x^7 + 145*x^8 + ...
The first few triples are (1,0,1), (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (7,24,25), ...
The first four such partitions, corresponding to n = 0,1,2,3, i.e., to a(n) = 1,5,13,25, are 1, 3+1+1, 5+3+3+1+1, 7+5+5+3+3+1+1. - _Augustine O. Munagi_, Dec 18 2008

T. M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 3.
A. H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers. New York: Dover, p. 125, 1964.
L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 81.
John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. See p. 50.
Pertti Lounesto, Clifford Algebras and Spinors, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
S. Mukai, An Introduction to Invariants and Moduli, Cambridge, 2003; see p. 483.
Ivan Niven, Herbert S. Zuckerman and Hugh L. Montgomery, An Introduction to the Theory Of Numbers, Fifth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY 1991.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Travers et al., The Mysterious Lost Proof, Using Advanced Algebra, (1976), pp. 27.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
M. Ahmed, J. De Loera and R. Hemmecke, Polyhedral Cones of Magic Cubes and Squares, arXiv:math/0201108 [math.CO], 2002.
U. Alfred, n and n+1 consecutive integers with equal sums of squares, Math. Mag., 35 (1962), 155-164.
Bela Bajnok, Additive Combinatorics: A Menu of Research Problems, arXiv:1705.07444 [math.NT], May 2017. See Section 2.3.
Paul Barry, Centered polygon numbers, heptagons and nonagons, and the Robbins numbers, arXiv:2104.01644 [math.CO], 2021.
Matthias Beck, Moshe Cohen, Jessica Cuomo, and Paul Gribelyuk, The number of "magic" squares and hypercubes, arXiv:math/0201013 [math.CO], 2002-2005.
Arthur T. Benjamin and Doron Zeilberger, Pythagorean Primes and Palindromic Continued Fractions, Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory, 5(1) 2005, #A30.
J. A. De Loera, D. C. Haws and M. Koppe, Ehrhart Polynomials of Matroid Polytopes and Polymatroids, arXiv:0710.4346 [math.CO], 2007; Discrete Comput. Geom., 42 (2009), 670-702.
FiveThirtyEight, "Riddler Express" paper cutting problem and solution, Jan 28 2022.
D. C. Haws, Matroids [Broken link, Oct 30 2017]
D. C. Haws, Matroids [Copy on website of Matthias Koeppe]
D. C. Haws, Matroids [Cached copy, pdf file only]
L. Hogben, Choice and Chance by Cardpack and Chessboard, Vol. 1, Max Parrish and Co, London, 1950, pp. 22 and 36.
Milan Janjic, Two Enumerative Functions. [Broken link; WayBackMachine archive.]
Milan Janjic, On a class of polynomials with integer coefficients, JIS 11 (2008) 08.5.
Milan Janjić, On Restricted Ternary Words and Insets, arXiv:1905.04465 [math.CO], 2019.
Clark Kimberling, Complementary Equations, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 10 (2007), Article 07.1.4.
Clark Kimberling and John E. Brown, Partial Complements and Transposable Dispersions, J. Integer Seqs., Vol. 7, 2004.
Ron Knott, Pythagorean Triples and Online Calculators.
G. Kreweras, Sur les hiérarchies de segments, Cahiers Bureau Universitaire Recherche Opérationnelle, Cahier 20, Inst. Statistiques, Univ. Paris, 1973.
G. Kreweras, Sur les hiérarchies de segments, Cahiers du Bureau Universitaire de Recherche Opérationnelle, Institut de Statistique, Université de Paris, #20 (1973). (Annotated scanned copy)
A. O. Munagi, Pairing conjugate partitions by residue classes, Discrete Math., 308 (2008), 2492-2501.
Mitchell Paukner, Lucy Pepin, Manda Riehl, and Jarred Wieser, Pattern Avoidance in Task-Precedence Posets, arXiv:1511.00080 [math.CO], 2015-2016.
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
John A. Jr. Rochowicz, Harmonic Numbers: Insights, Approximations and Applications, Spreadsheets in Education (eJSiE), 2015, Vol. 8: Iss. 2, Article 4.
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, Groupoid of OEIS A001844 Numbers (centered square numbers), Politecnico di Torino, Italy (2019).
R. G. Stanton and D. D. Cowan, Note on a "square" functional equation, SIAM Rev., 12 (1970), 277-279.
David James Sycamore, Triangular array
Leo Tavares, Illustration: Diamond Rows
B. K. Teo and N. J. A. Sloane, Magic numbers in polygonal and polyhedral clusters, Inorgan. Chem. 24 (1985), 4545-4558.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Centered Polygonal Number, Centered Square Number, Diamond, Pythagorean Triple, and von Neumann Neighborhood.
Index entries for sequences related to centered polygonal numbers
Index entries for two-way infinite sequences.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,-3,1).
Nicolay Avilov, Graphical representation of the sequence members

X values are A005408; Y values are A046092.
Cf. A008586 (first differences), A005900 (partial sums), A254373 (digital roots).
Cf. A069894, A000217, A000290, A001263, A001788, A001845, A002061, A002144, A003215, A005448, A005891, A005917, A008844 (square terms), A027862 (prime terms), A048395, A051890, A056106, A101096, A127876, A128064, A132778, A147973, A153869, A240876, A251599, A000982, A080827.
Subsequence of A004431.
Right edge of A055096; main diagonal of A069480, A078475, A129312.
Row n=2 (or column k=2) of A008288.
Cf. A016754.

a001844 n = 2 * n * (n + 1) + 1
a001844_list = zipWith (+) a000290_list $ tail a000290_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 04 2012

[2*n^2 + 2*n + 1: n in [0..50]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jan 19 2013

[n: n in [0..4400] | IsSquare(2*n-1)]; // Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Apr 06 2016

A001844:=-(z+1)**2/(z-1)**3; # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation

Table[2n(n + 1) + 1, {n, 0, 50}]
FoldList[#1 + #2 &, 1, 4 Range@ 50] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Feb 02 2011 *)
maxn := 47; Flatten[Table[SeriesCoefficient[Series[(n + (n - 1)*x)/(1 - x)^2, {x, 0, maxn}], k], {n, maxn}, {k, n - 1, n - 1}]] (* L. Edson Jeffery, Aug 24 2014 *)
CoefficientList[ Series[-(x^2 + 2x + 1)/(x - 1)^3, {x, 0, 48}], x] (* or *)
LinearRecurrence[{3, -3, 1}, {1, 5, 13}, 48] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 01 2018 *)
Total/@Partition[Range[0,50]^2,2,1] (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 05 2020 *)
Table[ j! Coefficient[Series[Exp[x]*(1 + 4*x + 2*x^2), {x, 0, 20}], x,
j], {j, 0, 20}] (* Nikolaos Pantelidis, Feb 07 2023 *)

PARI
```
{a(n) = 2*n*(n+1) + 1};
```

x='x+O('x^200); Vec((1+x)^2/(1-x)^3) \\ Altug Alkan, Mar 23 2016

print([2*n*(n+1)+1 for n in range(48)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Jan 05 2021

[i**2 + (i + 1)**2 for i in range(46)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 27 2008

a(n) = 2*n^2 + 2*n + 1 = n^2 + (n+1)^2.
a(n) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 2*n-1 + 2*n+1 + 2*n-1 + ... + 3 + 1. - Amarnath Murthy, May 28 2001
a(n) = 1/real(z(n+1)) where z(1)=i, (i^2=-1), z(k+1) = 1/(z(k)+2i). - Benoit Cloitre, Aug 06 2002
Nearest integer to 1/Sum_{k>n} 1/k^3. - Benoit Cloitre, Jun 12 2003
G.f.: (1+x)^2/(1-x)^3.
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(1+4x+2x^2).
a(n) = a(n-1) + 4n.
a(-n) = a(n-1).
a(n) = A064094(n+3, n) (fourth diagonal).
a(n) = 1 + Sum_{j=0..n} 4*j. - Xavier Acloque, Oct 08 2003
a(n) = A046092(n)+1 = (A016754(n)+1)/2. - Lekraj Beedassy, May 25 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n+1} (-1)^k*binomial(n, k)*Sum_{j=0..n-k+1} binomial(n-k+1, j)*j^2. - Paul Barry, Dec 22 2004
a(n) = ceiling((2n+1)^2/2). - Paul Barry, Jul 16 2006
a(n) = 3*a(n-1) - 3*a(n-2) + a(n-3), a(0)=1, a(1)=5, a(2)=13. - Jaume Oliver Lafont, Dec 02 2008
a(n)*a(n-1) = 4*n^4 + 1 for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 12 2009
Prefaced with a "1" (1, 1, 5, 13, 25, 41, ...): a(n) = 2*n*(n-1)+1. - Doug Bell, Feb 27 2009
a(n) = sqrt((A056220(n)^2 + A056220(n+1)^2) / 2). - Doug Bell, Mar 08 2009
a(n) = floor(2*(n+1)^3/(n+2)). - Gary Detlefs, May 20 2010
a(n) = A000330(n) - A000330(n-2). - Keith Tyler, Aug 10 2010
a(n) = A069894(n)/2. - J. M. Bergot, Jun 11 2012
a(n) = 2*a(n-1) - a(n-2) + 4. - Ant King, Jun 12 2012
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = (Pi/2)*tanh(Pi/2) = 1.4406595199775... = A228048. - Ant King, Jun 15 2012
a(n) = A209297(2*n+1,n+1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 19 2013
a(n)^3 = A048395(n)^2 + A048395(-n-1)^2. - Vincenzo Librandi, Jan 19 2013
a(n) = A000217(2n+1) - n. - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Nov 08 2013
a(n) = A251599(3*n+1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 13 2014
a(n) = A101321(4,n). - R. J. Mathar, Jul 28 2016
From Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jul 30 2016: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A008574(k).
Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^(n+1)*a(n)/n! = exp(-1) = A068985. (End)
a(n) = 4 * A000217(n) + 1. - Bruce J. Nicholson, Jul 10 2017
a(n) = A002522(n) + A005563(n) = A002522(n+1) + A005563(n-1). - Bruce J. Nicholson, Aug 05 2017
Sum_{n>=0} a(n)/n! = 7*e. Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = A228048. - Amiram Eldar, Jun 20 2020
a(n) = A000326(n+1) + A000217(n-1). - Charlie Marion, Nov 16 2020
a(n) = Integral_{x=0..2n+2} |1-x| dx. - Pedro Caceres, Dec 29 2020
From Amiram Eldar, Feb 17 2021: (Start)
Product_{n>=0} (1 + 1/a(n)) = cosh(sqrt(3)*Pi/2)*sech(Pi/2).
Product_{n>=1} (1 - 1/a(n)) = Pi*csch(Pi)*sinh(Pi/2). (End)
a(n) = A001651(n+1) + 1 - A028242(n). - Charlie Marion, Apr 05 2022
a(n) = A016754(n) - A046092(n). - Leo Tavares, Sep 16 2022
For n>0, a(n) = A101096(n+2) / 30. - Andy Nicol, Feb 06 2025
From Rémi Guillaume, Apr 21 2025: (Start)
a(n) = (2*A003215(n)+1)/3.
a(n) = (4*A005448(n+1)-1)/3.
a(n) + a(n-1) = A001845(n) - A001845(n-1), for n >= 1.
a(n) = (A005917(n+1))/(2n+1). (End)

Partially edited by Joerg Arndt, Mar 11 2010

A004431 Numbers that are the sum of 2 distinct nonzero squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

5, 10, 13, 17, 20, 25, 26, 29, 34, 37, 40, 41, 45, 50, 52, 53, 58, 61, 65, 68, 73, 74, 80, 82, 85, 89, 90, 97, 100, 101, 104, 106, 109, 113, 116, 117, 122, 125, 130, 136, 137, 145, 146, 148, 149, 153, 157, 160, 164, 169, 170, 173, 178, 180, 181, 185, 193, 194, 197

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

Numbers whose prime factorization includes at least one prime congruent to 1 mod 4 and any prime factor congruent to 3 mod 4 has even multiplicity. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, May 03 2006
Reordering of A055096 by increasing values and without repetition. - Paul Curtz, Sep 08 2008
A063725(a(n)) > 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 16 2011
The square of these numbers is also the sum of two nonzero squares, so this sequence is a subsequence of A009003. - Jean-Christophe Hervé, Nov 10 2013
Closed under multiplication. Primitive elements are those with exactly one prime factor congruent to 1 mod 4 with multiplicity one (A230779). - Jean-Christophe Hervé, Nov 10 2013
From Bob Selcoe, Mar 23 2016: (Start)
Numbers c such that there is d < c, d >= 1 where c + d and c - d are square. For example, 53 + 28 = 81, 53 - 28 = 25.
Given a prime p == 1 mod 4, a term appears if and only if it is of the form p^i, p*2^j or p*k^2 {i,j,k >= 1}, or a product of any combination of these forms. Therefore, the products of any terms to any powers also are terms. For example, p(1) = 5 and p(2) = 13 so term 45 appears because 5*3^2 = 45 and term 416 appears because 13*2^5 = 416; therefore 45 * 416 = 18720 appears, as does 45^3 * 416^11 = 18720^3 * 416^8.
Numbers of the form j^2 + 2*j*k + 2*k^2 {j,k >= 1}. (End)
Suppose we have a term t = x^2 + y^2. Then s^2*t = (s*x)^2 + (s*y)^2 is a term for any s > 0. Also 2*t = (y+x)^2 + (x-y)^2 is a term. It follows that q*s^2*t is a term for any s > 0 and q=1 or 2. Examples: 2*7^2*26 = 28^2 + 42^2; 6^2*17 = 6^2 + 24^2. - Jerzy R Borysowicz, Aug 11 2017
To find terms up to some upper bound u, we can search for x^2 + y^2 = t where x is odd and y is even. Then we add all numbers of the form 2^m * t <= u and then remove duplicates. - David A. Corneth, Oct 04 2017
From Bernard Schott, Apr 13 2022: (Start)
The 5th comment "Closed under multiplication" can be proved with Brahmagupta's identity: (a^2+b^2) * (c^2+d^2)  = (ac + bd)^2 + (ad - bc)^2.
The subsequence of primes is A002144. (End)

			53 = 7^2 + 2^2, so 53 is in the sequence.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000.
Wikipedia, Brahmagupta's identity.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares.

Complement of A004439.

Cf. A000404, A002144, A007692, A009000, A009003, A009177, A024507, A081324, A081325, A118882, A230779.

import Data.List (findIndices)
a004431 n = a004431_list !! (n-1)
a004431_list = findIndices (> 1) a063725_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 16 2011

isA004431 := proc(n)
    local a,b ;
    for a from 2 do
        if a^2>= n then
            return false;
        end if;
        b := n -a^2 ;
        if b < 1 then
            return false ;
        end if;
        if issqr(b) then
            if ( sqrt(b) <> a ) then
                return true;
            end if;
        end if;
    end do:
    return false;
end proc:
A004431 := proc(n)
    option remember ;
    local a;
    if n = 1 then
        5;
    else
        for a from procname(n-1)+1 do
            if isA004431(a) then
                return a;
            end if;
        end do:
    end if;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Jan 29 2013

A004431 = {}; Do[a = 2 m * n; b = m^2 - n^2; c = m^2 + n^2; AppendTo[A004431, c], {m, 100}, {n, m - 1}]; Take[Union@A004431, 63] (* Robert G. Wilson v, May 02 2009 *)
Select[Range@ 200, Length[PowersRepresentations[#, 2, 2] /. {{0, } -> Nothing, {a, b_} /; a == b -> Nothing}] > 0 &] (* Michael De Vlieger, Mar 24 2016 *)

select( isA004431(n)={n>1 && vecmin((n=factor(n)%4)[,1])==1 && ![f[1]>2 && f[2]%2 | f<-n~]}, [1..199]) \\ M. F. Hasler, Feb 06 2009, updated Nov 24 2019

is(n)=if(n<5, return(0)); my(f=factor(n)%4); if(vecmin(f[, 1])>1, return(0)); for(i=1, #f[, 1], if(f[i, 1]==3 && f[i, 2]%2, return(0))); 1
for(n=1, 1e3, if(is(n), print1(n, ", "))) \\ Altug Alkan, Dec 06 2015

upto(n) = {my(res = List(), s); forstep(i=1, sqrtint(n), 2, forstep(j = 2, sqrtint(n - i^2), 2, listput(res, i^2 + j^2))); s = #res; for(i = 1, s, t = res[i]; for(e = 1, logint(n \ res[i], 2), listput(res, t<<=1))); listsort(res, 1); res} \\ David A. Corneth, Oct 04 2017

def aupto(limit):
  s = [i*i for i in range(1, int(limit**.5)+2) if i*i < limit]
  s2 = set(a+b for i, a in enumerate(s) for b in s[i+1:] if a+b <= limit)
  return sorted(s2)
print(aupto(197)) # Michael S. Branicky, May 10 2021

A033429 a(n) = 5*n^2.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 5, 20, 45, 80, 125, 180, 245, 320, 405, 500, 605, 720, 845, 980, 1125, 1280, 1445, 1620, 1805, 2000, 2205, 2420, 2645, 2880, 3125, 3380, 3645, 3920, 4205, 4500, 4805, 5120, 5445, 5780, 6125, 6480, 6845, 7220, 7605, 8000, 8405, 8820, 9245, 9680, 10125, 10580, 11045, 11520, 12005, 12500

Offset: 0

Jeff Burch

Number of edges of the complete bipartite graph of order 6n, K_n,5n. - Roberto E. Martinez II, Jan 07 2002
Number of edges of the complete tripartite graph of order 4n, K_n,n,2n. - Roberto E. Martinez II, Jan 07 2002
a(n+1)-a(n) : 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, ... (see A017329). - Philippe Deléham, Dec 08 2011
From Larry J Zimmermann, Feb 21 2013: (Start)
The sum of the areas of 2 squares that equals the area of a rectangle with whole number sides using the formula x^2 + y^2 = (x+y+sqrt(2*x*y))(x+y-sqrt(2*x*y)), where the substitution y=2*x obtains the whole number sides of the rectangle. So x^2+(2*x)^2=5x(x).
  x     squares sum      rectangle (l,w)   area
  1     1,4     5                   5,1    5
  2     4,16    20                  10,2   20  (End)

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..5000
Lancelot Hogben, Choice and Chance by Cardpack and Chessboard, Vol. 1, Max Parrish and Co, London, 1950, p. 36.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,-3,1).

Central column of A055096.
Cf. A000290.
Cf. numbers of the form  n*(d*n+10-d)/2:  A008587, A056000, A028347, A140090, A014106, A028895, A045944, A186029, A007742, A022267, A022268, A049452, A186030, A135703, A152734, A139273.
Cf. A185019.
Cf. A001105, A033428.
Similar sequences are listed in A316466.

5*Range[50]^2 (* Alonso del Arte, May 23 2012 *)

PARI
```
a(n)=5*n^2
```

a(n) = 5*A000290(n). - Omar E. Pol, Dec 11 2008
From Bruno Berselli, Feb 11 2011: (Start)
G.f.: 5*x*(1+x)/(1-x)^3.
a(n) = 4*A000217(n) + A000567(n). (End)
a(n) = a(n-1)+5*(2*n-1) (with a(0)=0). - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 17 2010
a(n) = A131242(10*n+4). - Philippe Deléham, Mar 27 2013
a(n) = a(n-1) + 10*n - 5, with a(0)=0. - Jean-Bernard François, Oct 04 2013
a(n) = A001105(n) + A033428(n). - Altug Alkan, Sep 28 2015
E.g.f.: 5*x*(x+1)*exp(x). - G. C. Greubel, Jul 17 2017
a(n) = Sum_{i = 2..6} P(i,n), where P(i,m) = m*((i-2)*m-(i-4))/2. - Bruno Berselli, Jul 04 2018
From Amiram Eldar, Feb 03 2021: (Start)
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = Pi^2/30.
Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = Pi^2/60.
Product_{n>=1} (1 + 1/a(n)) = sqrt(5)*sinh(Pi/sqrt(5))/Pi.
Product_{n>=1} (1 - 1/a(n)) = sqrt(5)*sin(Pi/sqrt(5))/Pi. (End)

Better description from N. J. A. Sloane, May 15 1998

A222946 Triangle for hypotenuses of primitive Pythagorean triangles.

Original entry on oeis.org

5, 0, 13, 17, 0, 25, 0, 29, 0, 41, 37, 0, 0, 0, 61, 0, 53, 0, 65, 0, 85, 65, 0, 73, 0, 89, 0, 113, 0, 85, 0, 97, 0, 0, 0, 145, 101, 0, 109, 0, 0, 0, 149, 0, 181, 0, 125, 0, 137, 0, 157, 0, 185, 0, 221, 145, 0, 0, 0, 169, 0, 193, 0, 0, 0, 265, 0, 173, 0, 185, 0, 205, 0, 233, 0, 269, 0, 313, 197, 0, 205, 0, 221, 0, 0, 0, 277, 0, 317, 0, 365

Offset: 2

Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 21 2013

For primitive Pythagorean triples (x,y,z) see the Niven et al. reference, Theorem 5.5, p. 232, and the Hardy-Wright reference, Theorem 225, p. 190.
Here a(n,m) = 0 for non-primitive Pythagorean triangles.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the values n and m of this number triangle for which a(n,m) does not vanish and primitive solutions of x^2 + y^2 = z^2 with y even, namely x = n^2 - m^2, y = 2*n*m and z = n^2 + m^2.
The diagonal sequence is given by a(n,n-1) = A001844(n-1), n >= 2.
The row sums of this triangle are 5, 13, 42, 70, 98, 203, 340, 327, 540, ...
a(n,k) = A055096(n-1,k) * ((n+k) mod 2) * A063524 (gcd(n,k)): terms in A055096 that are not hypotenuses in primitive Pythagorean triangles, are replaced by 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 23 2013
The number of non-vanishing entries in row n is A055034(n). - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 24 2013
The non-vanishing entries when ordered according to nondecreasing leg sums x+y (see A225949 and A198441) produce (with multiplicities) A198440. - Wolfdieter Lang, May 22 2013
a(n, m) also gives twice the member s(n, m) of the triple (r(n, m), s(n, m), t(n, m)) with squares r(n, m)^2, s(n, m)^2 and t(n, m)^2 in arithmetic progression with common difference A(n, m) = A249869(n, m), the area of the primitive Pythagorean triangle, or 0 if there is no such triangle. The other members are given by 2*r(n, m) = A278717(n, m) and 2*t(n, m) = A225949(n, m). See A278717 for details and the Keith Conrad reference there. - Wolfdieter Lang, Nov 30 2016

			The triangle a(n,m) begins:
n\m   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12   13 ...
2:    5
3:    0  13
4:   17   0  25
5:    0  29   0  41
6:   37   0   0   0  61
7:    0  53   0  65   0  85
8:   65   0  73   0  89   0 113
9:    0  85   0  97   0   0   0 145
10: 101   0 109   0   0   0 149   0 181
11:   0 125   0 137   0 157   0 185   0 221
12: 145   0   0   0 169   0 193   0   0   0 265
13:   0 173   0 185   0 205   0 233   0 269   0 313
14: 197   0 205   0 221   0   0   0 277   0 317   0  365
...
------------------------------------------------------------
a(7,4) = 7^2 + 4^2 = 49 + 16 = 65.
a(8,1) = 8^2 + 1^2 = 64 +  1 = 65.
a(3,1) = 0 because n and m are both odd.
a(4,2) = 0 because n and m are both even.
a(6,3) = 0 because gcd(6,3) = 3 (not 1).
The primitive triangle for (n,m) = (2,1) is (x,y,z) = (3,4,5).
The primitive triangle for (n,m) = (7,4) is (x,y,z) = (33,56,65).
The primitive triangle for (n,m) = (8,1) is (x,y,z) = (63,16,65).

G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Fifth Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003.
Ivan Niven, Herbert S. Zuckerman and Hugh L. Montgomery, An Introduction to the Theory Of Numbers, Fifth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY 1991.

Reinhard Zumkeller, Rows n = 2..120 of triangle, flattened

Cf. A020882 (ordered nonzero values a(n,m) with multiplicity).

Cf. A249866, A225950 (odd legs), A225951 (perimeters), A225952 (even legs), A225949 (leg sums), A249869 (areas), A258149 (absolute leg differences), A278717 (leg differences).

a222946 n k = a222946_tabl !! (n-2) !! (k-1)
a222946_row n = a222946_tabl !! (n-2)
a222946_tabl = zipWith p [2..] a055096_tabl where
   p x row = zipWith (*) row $
             map (\k -> ((x + k) `mod` 2) * a063524 (gcd x k)) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 23 2013

a(n,m) = n^2 + m^2 if n > m >= 1, gcd(n,m) = 1, and n and m are integers of opposite parity (i.e., (-1)^(n+m) = -1), otherwise a(n,m) = 0.

cp's OEIS Frontend

A057103 Triangle of congrua: T(n,k) = 4*n*k(n^2-k^2) with n>k>0 and starting at T(2,1) = 24. A055096(n)^2 + a(n) is a square, as is A055096(n)^2 - a(n).

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A055097 Number of divisors for each term in the triangle A055096. It is 2 for primes (all of the form 4k+1).

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Maple

A055132 Moebius function (A008683) applied to each term in the triangle A055096.

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A002522 a(n) = n^2 + 1.

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A001844 Centered square numbers: a(n) = 2*n*(n+1)+1. Sums of two consecutive squares. Also, consider all Pythagorean triples (X, Y, Z=Y+1) ordered by increasing Z; then sequence gives Z values.

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A004431 Numbers that are the sum of 2 distinct nonzero squares.

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A057103 Triangle of congrua: T(n,k) = 4nk(n^2-k^2) with n>k>0 and starting at T(2,1) = 24. A055096(n)^2 + a(n) is a square, as is A055096(n)^2 - a(n).

A001844 Centered square numbers: a(n) = 2n(n+1)+1. Sums of two consecutive squares. Also, consider all Pythagorean triples (X, Y, Z=Y+1) ordered by increasing Z; then sequence gives Z values.