cp's OEIS Frontend

This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

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A000108 Catalan numbers: C(n) = binomial(2n,n)/(n+1) = (2n)!/(n!(n+1)!).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16796, 58786, 208012, 742900, 2674440, 9694845, 35357670, 129644790, 477638700, 1767263190, 6564120420, 24466267020, 91482563640, 343059613650, 1289904147324, 4861946401452, 18367353072152, 69533550916004, 263747951750360, 1002242216651368, 3814986502092304
Offset: 0

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Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

These were formerly sometimes called Segner numbers.
A very large number of combinatorial interpretations are known - see references, esp. R. P. Stanley, "Catalan Numbers", Cambridge University Press, 2015. This is probably the longest entry in the OEIS, and rightly so.
The solution to Schröder's first problem: number of ways to insert n pairs of parentheses in a word of n+1 letters. E.g., for n=2 there are 2 ways: ((ab)c) or (a(bc)); for n=3 there are 5 ways: ((ab)(cd)), (((ab)c)d), ((a(bc))d), (a((bc)d)), (a(b(cd))).
Consider all the binomial(2n,n) paths on squared paper that (i) start at (0, 0), (ii) end at (2n, 0) and (iii) at each step, either make a (+1,+1) step or a (+1,-1) step. Then the number of such paths that never go below the x-axis (Dyck paths) is C(n). [Chung-Feller]
Number of noncrossing partitions of the n-set. For example, of the 15 set partitions of the 4-set, only [{13},{24}] is crossing, so there are a(4)=14 noncrossing partitions of 4 elements. - Joerg Arndt, Jul 11 2011
Noncrossing partitions are partitions of genus 0. - Robert Coquereaux, Feb 13 2024
a(n-1) is the number of ways of expressing an n-cycle (123...n) in the symmetric group S_n as a product of n-1 transpositions (u_1,v_1)*(u_2,v_2)*...*(u_{n-1},v_{n-1}) where u_iA000272. - Joerg Arndt and Greg Stevenson, Jul 11 2011
a(n) is the number of ordered rooted trees with n nodes, not including the root. See the Conway-Guy reference where these rooted ordered trees are called plane bushes. See also the Bergeron et al. reference, Example 4, p. 167. - Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 07 2007
As shown in the paper from Beineke and Pippert (1971), a(n-2)=D(n) is the number of labeled dissections of a disk, related to the number R(n)=A001761(n-2) of labeled planar 2-trees having n vertices and rooted at a given exterior edge, by the formula D(n)=R(n)/(n-2)!. - M. F. Hasler, Feb 22 2012
Shifts one place left when convolved with itself.
For n >= 1, a(n) is also the number of rooted bicolored unicellular maps of genus 0 on n edges. - Ahmed Fares (ahmedfares(AT)my-deja.com), Aug 15 2001
Number of ways of joining 2n points on a circle to form n nonintersecting chords. (If no such restriction imposed, then the number of ways of forming n chords is given by (2n-1)!! = (2n)!/(n!*2^n) = A001147(n).)
Arises in Schubert calculus - see Sottile reference.
Inverse Euler transform of sequence is A022553.
With interpolated zeros, the inverse binomial transform of the Motzkin numbers A001006. - Paul Barry, Jul 18 2003
The Hankel transforms of this sequence or of this sequence with the first term omitted give A000012 = 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...; example: Det([1, 1, 2, 5; 1, 2, 5, 14; 2, 5, 14, 42; 5, 14, 42, 132]) = 1 and Det([1, 2, 5, 14; 2, 5, 14, 42; 5, 14, 42, 132; 14, 42, 132, 429]) = 1. - Philippe Deléham, Mar 04 2004
a(n) equals the sum of squares of terms in row n of triangle A053121, which is formed from successive self-convolutions of the Catalan sequence. - Paul D. Hanna, Apr 23 2005
Also coefficients of the Mandelbrot polynomial M iterated an infinite number of times. Examples: M(0) = 0 = 0*c^0 = [0], M(1) = c = c^1 + 0*c^0 = [1 0], M(2) = c^2 + c = c^2 + c^1 + 0*c^0 = [1 1 0], M(3) = (c^2 + c)^2 + c = [0 1 1 2 1], ... ... M(5) = [0 1 1 2 5 14 26 44 69 94 114 116 94 60 28 8 1], ... - Donald D. Cross (cosinekitty(AT)hotmail.com), Feb 04 2005
The multiplicity with which a prime p divides C_n can be determined by first expressing n+1 in base p. For p=2, the multiplicity is the number of 1 digits minus 1. For p an odd prime, count all digits greater than (p+1)/2; also count digits equal to (p+1)/2 unless final; and count digits equal to (p-1)/2 if not final and the next digit is counted. For example, n=62, n+1 = 223_5, so C_62 is not divisible by 5. n=63, n+1 = 224_5, so 5^3 | C_63. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Feb 08 2006
Koshy and Salmassi give an elementary proof that the only prime Catalan numbers are a(2) = 2 and a(3) = 5. Is the only semiprime Catalan number a(4) = 14? - Jonathan Vos Post, Mar 06 2006
The answer is yes. Using the formula C_n = binomial(2n,n)/(n+1), it is immediately clear that C_n can have no prime factor greater than 2n. For n >= 7, C_n > (2n)^2, so it cannot be a semiprime. Given that the Catalan numbers grow exponentially, the above consideration implies that the number of prime divisors of C_n, counted with multiplicity, must grow without limit. The number of distinct prime divisors must also grow without limit, but this is more difficult. Any prime between n+1 and 2n (exclusive) must divide C_n. That the number of such primes grows without limit follows from the prime number theorem. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Apr 14 2006
The number of ways to place n indistinguishable balls in n numbered boxes B1,...,Bn such that at most a total of k balls are placed in boxes B1,...,Bk for k=1,...,n. For example, a(3)=5 since there are 5 ways to distribute 3 balls among 3 boxes such that (i) box 1 gets at most 1 ball and (ii) box 1 and box 2 together get at most 2 balls:(O)(O)(O), (O)()(OO), ()(OO)(O), ()(O)(OO), ()()(OOO). - Dennis P. Walsh, Dec 04 2006
a(n) is also the order of the semigroup of order-decreasing and order-preserving full transformations (of an n-element chain) - now known as the Catalan monoid. - Abdullahi Umar, Aug 25 2008
a(n) is the number of trivial representations in the direct product of 2n spinor (the smallest) representations of the group SU(2) (A(1)). - Rutger Boels (boels(AT)nbi.dk), Aug 26 2008
The invert transform appears to converge to the Catalan numbers when applied infinitely many times to any starting sequence. - Mats Granvik, Gary W. Adamson and Roger L. Bagula, Sep 09 2008, Sep 12 2008
Limit_{n->oo} a(n)/a(n-1) = 4. - Francesco Antoni (francesco_antoni(AT)yahoo.com), Nov 24 2008
Starting with offset 1 = row sums of triangle A154559. - Gary W. Adamson, Jan 11 2009
C(n) is the degree of the Grassmannian G(1,n+1): the set of lines in (n+1)-dimensional projective space, or the set of planes through the origin in (n+2)-dimensional affine space. The Grassmannian is considered a subset of N-dimensional projective space, N = binomial(n+2,2) - 1. If we choose 2n general (n-1)-planes in projective (n+1)-space, then there are C(n) lines that meet all of them. - Benji Fisher (benji(AT)FisherFam.org), Mar 05 2009
Starting with offset 1 = A068875: (1, 2, 4, 10, 18, 84, ...) convolved with Fine numbers, A000957: (1, 0, 1, 2, 6, 18, ...). a(6) = 132 = (1, 2, 4, 10, 28, 84) dot (18, 6, 2, 1, 0, 1) = (18 + 12 + 8 + 10 + 0 + 84) = 132. - Gary W. Adamson, May 01 2009
Convolved with A032443: (1, 3, 11, 42, 163, ...) = powers of 4, A000302: (1, 4, 16, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, May 15 2009
Sum_{k>=1} C(k-1)/2^(2k-1) = 1. The k-th term in the summation is the probability that a random walk on the integers (beginning at the origin) will arrive at positive one (for the first time) in exactly (2k-1) steps. - Geoffrey Critzer, Sep 12 2009
C(p+q)-C(p)*C(q) = Sum_{i=0..p-1, j=0..q-1} C(i)*C(j)*C(p+q-i-j-1). - Groux Roland, Nov 13 2009
Leonhard Euler used the formula C(n) = Product_{i=3..n} (4*i-10)/(i-1) in his 'Betrachtungen, auf wie vielerley Arten ein gegebenes polygonum durch Diagonallinien in triangula zerschnitten werden könne' and computes by recursion C(n+2) for n = 1..8. (Berlin, 4th September 1751, in a letter to Goldbach.) - Peter Luschny, Mar 13 2010
Let A179277 = A(x). Then C(x) is satisfied by A(x)/A(x^2). - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 07 2010
a(n) is also the number of quivers in the mutation class of type B_n or of type C_n. - Christian Stump, Nov 02 2010
From Matthew Vandermast, Nov 22 2010: (Start)
Consider a set of A000217(n) balls of n colors in which, for each integer k = 1 to n, exactly one color appears in the set a total of k times. (Each ball has exactly one color and is indistinguishable from other balls of the same color.) a(n+1) equals the number of ways to choose 0 or more balls of each color while satisfying the following conditions: 1. No two colors are chosen the same positive number of times. 2. For any two colors (c, d) that are chosen at least once, color c is chosen more times than color d iff color c appears more times in the original set than color d.
If the second requirement is lifted, the number of acceptable ways equals A000110(n+1). See related comments for A016098, A085082. (End)
Deutsch and Sagan prove the Catalan number C_n is odd if and only if n = 2^a - 1 for some nonnegative integer a. Lin proves for every odd Catalan number C_n, we have C_n == 1 (mod 4). - Jonathan Vos Post, Dec 09 2010
a(n) is the number of functions f:{1,2,...,n}->{1,2,...,n} such that f(1)=1 and for all n >= 1 f(n+1) <= f(n)+1. For a nice bijection between this set of functions and the set of length 2n Dyck words, see page 333 of the Fxtbook (see link below). - Geoffrey Critzer, Dec 16 2010
Postnikov (2005) defines "generalized Catalan numbers" associated with buildings (e.g., Catalan numbers of Type B, see A000984). - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 10 2011
Number of permutations in S(n) for which length equals depth. - Bridget Tenner, Feb 22 2012
a(n) is also the number of standard Young tableau of shape (n,n). - Thotsaporn Thanatipanonda, Feb 25 2012
a(n) is the number of binary sequences of length 2n+1 in which the number of ones first exceed the number of zeros at entry 2n+1. See the example below in the example section. - Dennis P. Walsh, Apr 11 2012
Number of binary necklaces of length 2*n+1 containing n 1's (or, by symmetry, 0's). All these are Lyndon words and their representatives (as cyclic maxima) are the binary Dyck words. - Joerg Arndt, Nov 12 2012
Number of sequences consisting of n 'x' letters and n 'y' letters such that (counting from the left) the 'x' count >= 'y' count. For example, for n=3 we have xxxyyy, xxyxyy, xxyyxy, xyxxyy and xyxyxy. - Jon Perry, Nov 16 2012
a(n) is the number of Motzkin paths of length n-1 in which the (1,0)-steps come in 2 colors. Example: a(4)=14 because, denoting U=(1,1), H=(1,0), and D=(1,-1), we have 8 paths of shape HHH, 2 paths of shape UHD, 2 paths of shape UDH, and 2 paths of shape HUD. - José Luis Ramírez Ramírez, Jan 16 2013
If p is an odd prime, then (-1)^((p-1)/2)*a((p-1)/2) mod p = 2. - Gary Detlefs, Feb 20 2013
Conjecture: For any positive integer n, the polynomial Sum_{k=0..n} a(k)*x^k is irreducible over the field of rational numbers. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Mar 23 2013
a(n) is the size of the Jones monoid on 2n points (cf. A225798). - James Mitchell, Jul 28 2013
For 0 < p < 1, define f(p) = Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*(p*(1-p))^n, then f(p) = min{1/p, 1/(1-p)}, so f(p) reaches its maximum value 2 at p = 0.5, and p*f(p) is constant 1 for 0.5 <= p < 1. - Bob Selcoe, Nov 16 2013 [Corrected by Jianing Song, May 21 2021]
No a(n) has the form x^m with m > 1 and x > 1. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Dec 02 2013
From Alexander Adamchuk, Dec 27 2013: (Start)
Prime p divides a((p+1)/2) for p > 3. See A120303(n) = Largest prime factor of Catalan number.
Reciprocal Catalan Constant C = 1 + 4*sqrt(3)*Pi/27 = 1.80613.. = A121839.
Log(Phi) = (125*C - 55) / (24*sqrt(5)), where C = Sum_{k>=1} (-1)^(k+1)*1/a(k). See A002390 = Decimal expansion of natural logarithm of golden ratio.
3-d analog of the Catalan numbers: (3n)!/(n!(n+1)!(n+2)!) = A161581(n) = A006480(n) / ((n+1)^2*(n+2)), where A006480(n) = (3n)!/(n!)^3 De Bruijn's S(3,n). (End)
For a relation to the inviscid Burgers's, or Hopf, equation, see A001764. - Tom Copeland, Feb 15 2014
From Fung Lam, May 01 2014: (Start)
One class of generalized Catalan numbers can be defined by g.f. A(x) = (1-sqrt(1-q*4*x*(1-(q-1)*x)))/(2*q*x) with nonzero parameter q. Recurrence: (n+3)*a(n+2) -2*q*(2*n+3)*a(n+1) +4*q*(q-1)*n*a(n) = 0 with a(0)=1, a(1)=1.
Asymptotic approximation for q >= 1: a(n) ~ (2*q+2*sqrt(q))^n*sqrt(2*q*(1+sqrt(q))) /sqrt(4*q^2*Pi*n^3).
For q <= -1, the g.f. defines signed sequences with asymptotic approximation: a(n) ~ Re(sqrt(2*q*(1+sqrt(q)))*(2*q+2*sqrt(q))^n) / sqrt(q^2*Pi*n^3), where Re denotes the real part. Due to Stokes' phenomena, accuracy of the asymptotic approximation deteriorates at/near certain values of n.
Special cases are A000108 (q=1), A068764 to A068772 (q=2 to 10), A240880 (q=-3).
(End)
Number of sequences [s(0), s(1), ..., s(n)] with s(n)=0, Sum_{j=0..n} s(j) = n, and Sum_{j=0..k} s(j)-1 >= 0 for k < n-1 (and necessarily Sum_{j=0..n-1} s(j)-1 = 0). These are the branching sequences of the (ordered) trees with n non-root nodes, see example. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 30 2014
Number of stack-sortable permutations of [n], these are the 231-avoiding permutations; see the Bousquet-Mélou reference. - Joerg Arndt, Jul 01 2014
a(n) is the number of increasing strict binary trees with 2n-1 nodes that avoid 132. For more information about increasing strict binary trees with an associated permutation, see A245894. - Manda Riehl, Aug 07 2014
In a one-dimensional medium with elastic scattering (zig-zag walk), first recurrence after 2n+1 scattering events has the probability C(n)/2^(2n+1). - Joachim Wuttke, Sep 11 2014
The o.g.f. C(x) = (1 - sqrt(1-4x))/2, for the Catalan numbers, with comp. inverse Cinv(x) = x*(1-x) and the functions P(x) = x / (1 + t*x) and its inverse Pinv(x,t) = -P(-x,t) = x / (1 - t*x) form a group under composition that generates or interpolates among many classic arrays, such as the Motzkin (Riordan, A005043), Fibonacci (A000045), and Fine (A000957) numbers and polynomials (A030528), and enumerating arrays for Motzkin, Dyck, and Łukasiewicz lattice paths and different types of trees and non-crossing partitions (A091867, connected to sums of the refined Narayana numbers A134264). - Tom Copeland, Nov 04 2014
Conjecture: All the rational numbers Sum_{i=j..k} 1/a(i) with 0 < min{2,k} <= j <= k have pairwise distinct fractional parts. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Sep 24 2015
The Catalan number series A000108(n+3), offset n=0, gives Hankel transform revealing the square pyramidal numbers starting at 5, A000330(n+2), offset n=0 (empirical observation). - Tony Foster III, Sep 05 2016
Hankel transforms of the Catalan numbers with the first 2, 4, and 5 terms omitted give A001477, A006858, and A091962, respectively, without the first 2 terms in all cases. More generally, the Hankel transform of the Catalan numbers with the first k terms omitted is H_k(n) = Product_{j=1..k-1} Product_{i=1..j} (2*n+j+i)/(j+i) [see Cigler (2011), Eq. (1.14) and references therein]; together they form the array A078920/A123352/A368025. - Andrey Zabolotskiy, Oct 13 2016
Presumably this satisfies Benford's law, although the results in Hürlimann (2009) do not make this clear. See S. J. Miller, ed., 2015, p. 5. - N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 09 2017
Coefficients of the generating series associated to the Magmatic and Dendriform operadic algebras. Cf. p. 422 and 435 of the Loday et al. paper. - Tom Copeland, Jul 08 2018
Let M_n be the n X n matrix with M_n(i,j) = binomial(i+j-1,2j-2); then det(M_n) = a(n). - Tony Foster III, Aug 30 2018
Also the number of Catalan trees, or planted plane trees (Bona, 2015, p. 299, Theorem 4.6.3). - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 25 2018
Number of coalescent histories for a caterpillar species tree and a matching caterpillar gene tree with n+1 leaves (Rosenberg 2007, Corollary 3.5). - Noah A Rosenberg, Jan 28 2019
Finding solutions of eps*x^2+x-1 = 0 for eps small, that is, writing x = Sum_{n>=0} x_{n}*eps^n and expanding, one finds x = 1 - eps + 2*eps^2 - 5*eps^3 + 14*eps^3 - 42*eps^4 + ... with x_{n} = (-1)^n*C(n). Further, letting x = 1/y and expanding y about 0 to find large roots, that is, y = Sum_{n>=1} y_{n}*eps^n, one finds y = 0 - eps + eps^2 - 2*eps^3 + 5*eps^3 - ... with y_{n} = (-1)^n*C(n-1). - Derek Orr, Mar 15 2019
Permutations of length n that produce a bipartite permutation graph of order n [see Knuth (1973), Busch (2006), Golumbic and Trenk (2004)]. - Elise Anderson, R. M. Argus, Caitlin Owens, Tessa Stevens, Jun 27 2019
For n > 0, a random selection of n + 1 objects (the minimum number ensuring one pair by the pigeonhole principle) from n distinct pairs of indistinguishable objects contains only one pair with probability 2^(n-1)/a(n) = b(n-1)/A098597(n), where b is the 0-offset sequence with the terms of A120777 repeated (1,1,4,4,8,8,64,64,128,128,...). E.g., randomly selecting 6 socks from 5 pairs that are black, blue, brown, green, and white, results in only one pair of the same color with probability 2^(5-1)/a(5) = 16/42 = 8/21 = b(4)/A098597(5). - Rick L. Shepherd, Sep 02 2019
See Haran & Tabachnikov link for a video discussing Conway-Coxeter friezes. The Conway-Coxeter friezes with n nontrivial rows are generated by the counts of triangles at each vertex in the triangulations of regular n-gons, of which there are a(n). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 28 2019
For connections to knot theory and scattering amplitudes from Feynman diagrams, see Broadhurst and Kreimer, and Todorov. Eqn. 6.12 on p. 130 of Bessis et al. becomes, after scaling, -12g * r_0(-y/(12g)) = (1-sqrt(1-4y))/2, the o.g.f. (expressed as a Taylor series in Eqn. 7.22 in 12gx) given for the Catalan numbers in Copeland's (Sep 30 2011) formula below. (See also Mizera p. 34, Balduf pp. 79-80, Keitel and Bartosch.) - Tom Copeland, Nov 17 2019
Number of permutations in S_n whose principal order ideals in the weak order are modular lattices. - Bridget Tenner, Jan 16 2020
Number of permutations in S_n whose principal order ideals in the weak order are distributive lattices. - Bridget Tenner, Jan 16 2020
Legendre gives the following formula for computing the square root modulo 2^m:
sqrt(1 + 8*a) mod 2^m = (1 + 4*a*Sum_{i=0..m-4} C(i)*(-2*a)^i) mod 2^m
as cited by L. D. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers, Vol. 1, 207-208. - Peter Schorn, Feb 11 2020
a(n) is the number of length n permutations sorted to the identity by a consecutive-132-avoiding stack followed by a classical-21-avoiding stack. - Kai Zheng, Aug 28 2020
Number of non-crossing partitions of a 2*n-set with n blocks of size 2. Also number of non-crossing partitions of a 2*n-set with n+1 blocks of size at most 3, and without cyclical adjacencies. The two partitions can be mapped by rotated Kreweras bijection. - Yuchun Ji, Jan 18 2021
Named by Riordan (1968, and earlier in Mathematical Reviews, 1948 and 1964) after the French and Belgian mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan (1814-1894) (see Pak, 2014). - Amiram Eldar, Apr 15 2021
For n >= 1, a(n-1) is the number of interpretations of x^n is an algebra where power-associativity is not assumed. For example, for n = 4 there are a(3) = 5 interpretations: x(x(xx)), x((xx)x), (xx)(xx), (x(xx))x, ((xx)x)x. See the link "Non-associate powers and a functional equation" from I. M. H. Etherington and the page "Nonassociative Product" from Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics for detailed information. See also A001190 for the case where multiplication is commutative. - Jianing Song, Apr 29 2022
Number of states in the transition diagram associated with the Laplacian system over the complete graph K_N, corresponding to ordered initial conditions x_1 < x_2 < ... < x_N. - Andrea Arlette España, Nov 06 2022
a(n) is the number of 132-avoiding stabilized-interval-free permutations of size n+1. - Juan B. Gil, Jun 22 2023
Number of rooted polyominoes composed of n triangular cells of the hyperbolic regular tiling with Schläfli symbol {3,oo}. A rooted polyomino has one external edge identified, and chiral pairs are counted as two. A stereographic projection of the {3,oo} tiling on the Poincaré disk can be obtained via the Christensson link. - Robert A. Russell, Jan 27 2024
a(n) is the number of extremely lucky Stirling permutations of order n; i.e., the number of Stirling permutations of order n that have exactly n lucky cars. (see Colmenarejo et al. reference) - Bridget Tenner, Apr 16 2024

Examples

			From _Joerg Arndt_ and Greg Stevenson, Jul 11 2011: (Start)
The following products of 3 transpositions lead to a 4-cycle in S_4:
(1,2)*(1,3)*(1,4);
(1,2)*(1,4)*(3,4);
(1,3)*(1,4)*(2,3);
(1,4)*(2,3)*(2,4);
(1,4)*(2,4)*(3,4). (End)
G.f. = 1 + x + 2*x^2 + 5*x^3 + 14*x^4 + 42*x^5 + 132*x^6 + 429*x^7 + ...
For n=3, a(3)=5 since there are exactly 5 binary sequences of length 7 in which the number of ones first exceed the number of zeros at entry 7, namely, 0001111, 0010111, 0011011, 0100111, and 0101011. - _Dennis P. Walsh_, Apr 11 2012
From _Joerg Arndt_, Jun 30 2014: (Start)
The a(4) = 14 branching sequences of the (ordered) trees with 4 non-root nodes are (dots denote zeros):
01:  [ 1 1 1 1 . ]
02:  [ 1 1 2 . . ]
03:  [ 1 2 . 1 . ]
04:  [ 1 2 1 . . ]
05:  [ 1 3 . . . ]
06:  [ 2 . 1 1 . ]
07:  [ 2 . 2 . . ]
08:  [ 2 1 . 1 . ]
09:  [ 2 1 1 . . ]
10:  [ 2 2 . . . ]
11:  [ 3 . . 1 . ]
12:  [ 3 . 1 . . ]
13:  [ 3 1 . . . ]
14:  [ 4 . . . . ]
(End)

References

  • The large number of references and links demonstrates the ubiquity of the Catalan numbers.
  • R. Alter, Some remarks and results on Catalan numbers, pp. 109-132 in Proceedings of the Louisiana Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computer Science. Vol. 2, edited R. C. Mullin et al., 1971.
  • Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, many references.
  • L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 53.
  • J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995, ch. 4, pp. 96-106.
  • S. J. Cyvin and I. Gutman, Kekulé structures in benzenoid hydrocarbons, Lecture Notes in Chemistry, No. 46, Springer, New York, 1988 (see pp. 183, 196, etc.).
  • Michael Dairyko, Samantha Tyner, Lara Pudwell, and Casey Wynn, Non-contiguous pattern avoidance in binary trees. Electron. J. Combin. 19 (2012), no. 3, Paper 22, 21 pp. MR2967227.
  • E. Deutsch, Dyck path enumeration, Discrete Math., 204, 167-202, 1999.
  • E. Deutsch and L. Shapiro, Seventeen Catalan identities, Bulletin of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, 31, 31-38, 2001.
  • L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers. Carnegie Institute Public. 256, Washington, DC, Vol. 1, 1919; Vol. 2, 1920; Vol. 3, 1923, see vol. 1, 207-208.
  • Tomislav Doslic and Darko Veljan, Logarithmic behavior of some combinatorial sequences. Discrete Math. 308 (2008), no. 11, 2182-2212. MR2404544 (2009j:05019)
  • S. Dulucq and J.-G. Penaud, Cordes, arbres et permutations. Discrete Math. 117 (1993), no. 1-3, 89-105.
  • A. Errera, Analysis situs - Un problème d'énumération, Mémoires Acad. Bruxelles, Classe des sciences, Série 2, Vol. XI, Fasc. 6, No. 1421 (1931), 26 pp.
  • Ehrenfeucht, Andrzej; Haemer, Jeffrey; Haussler, David. Quasimonotonic sequences: theory, algorithms and applications. SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods 8 (1987), no. 3, 410-429. MR0897739 (88h:06026)
  • I. M. H. Etherington, Non-associate powers and a functional equation. The Mathematical Gazette, 21 (1937): 36-39; addendum 21 (1937), 153.
  • I. M. H. Etherington, On non-associative combinations, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 59 (Part 2, 1938-39), 153-162.
  • I. M. H. Etherington, Some problems of non-associative combinations (I), Edinburgh Math. Notes, 32 (1940), pp. i-vi. Part II is by A. Erdelyi and I. M. H. Etherington, and is on pages vii-xiv of the same issue.
  • K. Fan, Structure of a Hecke algebra quotient, J. Amer. Math. Soc., 10 (1997), 139-167.
  • Susanna Fishel, Myrto Kallipoliti and Eleni Tzanaki, Facets of the Generalized Cluster Complex and Regions in the Extended Catalan Arrangement of Type A, The electronic Journal of Combinatorics 20(4) (2013), #P7.
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Links

Crossrefs

Cf. A000142, A000245, A000344, A000588, A000957, A000984, A001392, A001453, A001791, A002057, A002420, A003046, A003517, A003518, A003519, A006480, A008276, A008549, A014137, A014138, A014140, A022553 (inv. Eul. trans.), A024492, A032357, A032443, A039599, A048990, A059288, A068875, A069640, A086117, A088327 (Eul. trans.), A094216, A094638, A094639, A098597, A099731, A119822, A120304, A124926, A129763, A137697, A154559, A161581, A167892, A167893, A179277, A211611, A275431 (multisets).
A row of A060854.
See A001003, A001190, A001699, A000081 for other ways to count parentheses.
Enumerates objects encoded by A014486.
A diagonal of any of the essentially equivalent arrays A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.
Cf. A051168 (diagonal of the square array described).
Cf. A033552, A176137 (partitions into Catalan numbers).
Cf. A000753, A000736 (Boustrophedon transforms).
Cf. A120303 (largest prime factor of Catalan number).
Cf. A121839 (reciprocal Catalan constant), A268813.
Cf. A038003, A119861, A119908, A120274, A120275 (odd Catalan number).
Cf. A002390 (decimal expansion of natural logarithm of golden ratio).
Coefficients of square root of the g.f. are A001795/A046161.
For a(n) mod 6 see A259667.
For a(n) in base 2 see A264663.
Hankel transforms with first terms omitted: A001477, A006858, A091962, A078920, A123352, A368025.
Cf. A001147, A163960.
Cf. A332602 (conjectured production matrix).
Polyominoes: A001683(n+2) (oriented), A000207 (unoriented), A369314 (chiral), A208355(n-1) (achiral), A001764 {4,oo}.

Programs

  • GAP
    A000108:=List([0..30],n->Binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1)); # Muniru A Asiru, Feb 17 2018
  • Haskell
    import Data.List (genericIndex)
a000108 n = genericIndex a000108_list n
a000108_list = 1 : catalan [1] where
   catalan cs = c : catalan (c:cs) where
      c = sum $ zipWith (*) cs $ reverse cs
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 12 2011
a000108 = map last $ iterate (scanl1 (+) . (++ [0])) [1]
-- David Spies, Aug 23 2015
  • Magma
    C:= func< n | Binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1) >; [ C(n) : n in [0..60]];
  • Magma
    [Catalan(n): n in [0..40]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Apr 02 2011
  • Maple
    A000108 := n->binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1);
G000108 := (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x)) / (2*x);
spec := [ A, {A=Prod(Z,Sequence(A))}, unlabeled ]: [ seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n+1), n=0..42) ];
with(combstruct): bin := {B=Union(Z,Prod(B,B))}: seq(count([B,bin,unlabeled],size=n+1), n=0..25); # Zerinvary Lajos, Dec 05 2007
gser := series(G000108, x=0, 42): seq(coeff(gser, x, n), n=0..41); # Zerinvary Lajos, May 21 2008
seq((2*n)!*coeff(series(hypergeom([],[2],x^2),x,2*n+2),x,2*n),n=0..30); # Peter Luschny, Jan 31 2015
A000108List := proc(m) local A, P, n; A := [1, 1]; P := [1];
for n from 1 to m - 2 do P := ListTools:-PartialSums([op(P), A[-1]]);
A := [op(A), P[-1]] od; A end: A000108List(31); # Peter Luschny, Mar 24 2022
  • Mathematica
    Table[(2 n)!/n!/(n + 1)!, {n, 0, 20}]
Table[4^n Gamma[n + 1/2]/(Sqrt[Pi] Gamma[n + 2]), {n, 0, 20}] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Oct 31 2024 *)
Table[Hypergeometric2F1[1 - n, -n, 2, 1], {n, 0, 20}] (* Richard L. Ollerton, Sep 13 2006 *)
Table[CatalanNumber @ n, {n, 0, 20}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Feb 15 2011 *)
CatalanNumber[Range[0, 20]] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Oct 31 2024 *)
CoefficientList[InverseSeries[Series[x/Sum[x^n, {n, 0, 31}], {x, 0, 31}]]/x, x] (* Mats Granvik, Nov 24 2013 *)
CoefficientList[Series[(1 - Sqrt[1 - 4 x])/(2 x), {x, 0, 20}], x] (* Stefano Spezia, Aug 31 2018 *)
  • Maxima
    A000108(n):=binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1)$ makelist(A000108(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Oct 24 2012 */
  • MuPAD
    combinat::dyckWords::count(n) $ n = 0..38 // Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 14 2007
  • PARI
    a(n)=binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1) \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 25 2012
  • PARI
    a(n) = (2*n)! / n! / (n+1)!
  • PARI
    a(n) = my(A, m); if( n<0, 0, m=1; A = 1 + x + O(x^2); while(m<=n, m*=2; A = sqrt(subst(A, x, 4*x^2)); A += (A - 1) / (2*x*A)); polcoeff(A, n));
  • PARI
    {a(n) = if( n<1, n==0, polcoeff( serreverse( x / (1 + x)^2 + x * O(x^n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos */
  • PARI
    (recur(a,b)=if(b<=2,(a==2)+(a==b)+(a!=b)*(1+a/2), (1+a/b)*recur(a,b-1))); a(n)=recur(n,n); \\ R. J. Cano, Nov 22 2012
  • PARI
    x='x+O('x^40); Vec((1-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x)) \\ Altug Alkan, Oct 13 2015
  • Python
    from gmpy2 import divexact
A000108 = [1, 1]
for n in range(1, 10**3):
    A000108.append(divexact(A000108[-1]*(4*n+2),(n+2))) # Chai Wah Wu, Aug 31 2014
  • Python
    # Works in Sage also.
A000108 = [1]
for n in range(1000):
    A000108.append(A000108[-1]*(4*n+2)//(n+2)) # Günter Rote, Nov 08 2023
  • Sage
    [catalan_number(i) for i in range(27)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 26 2008
  • Sage
    # Generalized algorithm of L. Seidel
def A000108_list(n) :
    D = [0]*(n+1); D[1] = 1
    b = True; h = 1; R = []
    for i in range(2*n-1) :
        if b :
            for k in range(h,0,-1) : D[k] += D[k-1]
            h += 1; R.append(D[1])
        else :
            for k in range(1,h, 1) : D[k] += D[k+1]
        b = not b
    return R
A000108_list(31) # Peter Luschny, Jun 02 2012

Formula

a(n) = binomial(2*n, n)/(n+1) = (2*n)!/(n!*(n+1)!) = A000984(n)/(n+1).
Recurrence: a(n) = 2*(2*n-1)*a(n-1)/(n+1) with a(0) = 1.
Recurrence: a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} a(k)a(n-1-k).
G.f.: A(x) = (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x)) / (2*x), and satisfies A(x) = 1 + x*A(x)^2.
a(n) = Product_{k=2..n} (1 + n/k).
a(n+1) = Sum_{i} binomial(n, 2*i)*2^(n-2*i)*a(i). - Touchard
It is known that a(n) is odd if and only if n=2^k-1, k=0, 1, 2, 3, ... - Emeric Deutsch, Aug 04 2002, corrected by M. F. Hasler, Nov 08 2015
Using the Stirling approximation in A000142 we get the asymptotic expansion a(n) ~ 4^n / (sqrt(Pi * n) * (n + 1)). - Dan Fux (dan.fux(AT)OpenGaia.com or danfux(AT)OpenGaia.com), Apr 13 2001
Integral representation: a(n) = (1/(2*Pi))*Integral_{x=0..4} x^n*sqrt((4-x)/x). - Karol A. Penson, Apr 12 2001
E.g.f.: exp(2*x)*(I_0(2*x)-I_1(2*x)), where I_n is Bessel function. - Karol A. Penson, Oct 07 2001
a(n) = polygorial(n, 6)/polygorial(n, 3). - Daniel Dockery (peritus(AT)gmail.com), Jun 24 2003
G.f. A(x) satisfies ((A(x) + A(-x)) / 2)^2 = A(4*x^2). - Michael Somos, Jun 27 2003
G.f. A(x) satisfies Sum_{k>=1} k(A(x)-1)^k = Sum_{n>=1} 4^{n-1}*x^n. - Shapiro, Woan, Getu
a(n+m) = Sum_{k} A039599(n, k)*A039599(m, k). - Philippe Deléham, Dec 22 2003
a(n+1) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{k=0..n} a(n-k)*binomial(2k+1, k+1). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 24 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k>=0} A008313(n, k)^2. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 14 2004
a(m+n+1) = Sum_{k>=0} A039598(m, k)*A039598(n, k). - Philippe Deléham, Feb 15 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k*2^(n-k)*binomial(n, k)*binomial(k, floor(k/2)). - Paul Barry, Jan 27 2005
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = 2 + 4*Pi/3^(5/2) = F(1,2;1/2;1/4) = A268813 = 2.806133050770763... (see L'Univers de Pi link). - Gerald McGarvey and Benoit Cloitre, Feb 13 2005
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} ((n-2*k+1)*binomial(n, n-k)/(n-k+1))^2, which is equivalent to: a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A053121(n, k)^2, for n >= 0. - Paul D. Hanna, Apr 23 2005
a((m+n)/2) = Sum_{k>=0} A053121(m, k)*A053121(n, k) if m+n is even. - Philippe Deléham, May 26 2005
E.g.f. Sum_{n>=0} a(n) * x^(2*n) / (2*n)! = BesselI(1, 2*x) / x. - Michael Somos, Jun 22 2005
Given g.f. A(x), then B(x) = x * A(x^3) satisfies 0 = f(x, B(X)) where f(u, v) = u - v + (u*v)^2 or B(x) = x + (x * B(x))^2 which implies B(-B(x)) = -x and also (1 + B^3) / B^2 = (1 - x^3) / x^2. - Michael Somos, Jun 27 2005
a(n) = a(n-1)*(4-6/(n+1)). a(n) = 2a(n-1)*(8a(n-2)+a(n-1))/(10a(n-2)-a(n-1)). - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Feb 08 2006
Sum_{k>=1} a(k)/4^k = 1. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jun 28 2006
a(n) = A047996(2*n+1, n). - Philippe Deléham, Jul 25 2006
Binomial transform of A005043. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 20 2006
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k*A116395(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 07 2006
a(n) = (1/(s-n))*Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k (k+s-n)*binomial(s-n,k) * binomial(s+n-k,s) with s a nonnegative free integer [H. W. Gould].
a(k) = Sum_{i=1..k} |A008276(i,k)| * (k-1)^(k-i) / k!. - André F. Labossière, May 29 2007
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A129818(n,k) * A007852(k+1). - Philippe Deléham, Jun 20 2007
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A109466(n,k) * A127632(k). - Philippe Deléham, Jun 20 2007
Row sums of triangle A124926. - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 22 2007
Limit_{n->oo} (1 + Sum_{k=0..n} a(k)/A004171(k)) = 4/Pi. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 26 2008
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A120730(n,k)^2 and a(k+1) = Sum_{n>=k} A120730(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 18 2008
Given an integer t >= 1 and initial values u = [a_0, a_1, ..., a_{t-1}], we may define an infinite sequence Phi(u) by setting a_n = a_{n-1} + a_0*a_{n-1} + a_1*a_{n-2} + ... + a_{n-2}*a_1 for n >= t. For example, the present sequence is Phi([1]) (also Phi([1,1])). - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 27 2008
a(n) = Sum_{l_1=0..n+1} Sum_{l_2=0..n}...Sum_{l_i=0..n-i}...Sum_{l_n=0..1} delta(l_1,l_2,...,l_i,...,l_n) where delta(l_1,l_2,...,l_i,...,l_n) = 0 if any l_i < l_(i+1) and l_(i+1) <> 0 for i=1..n-1 and delta(l_1,l_2,...,l_i,...,l_n) = 1 otherwise. - Thomas Wieder, Feb 25 2009
a(n) = A000680(n)/A006472(n+1). - Mark Dols, Jul 14 2010; corrected by M. F. Hasler, Nov 08 2015
Let A(x) be the g.f., then B(x)=x*A(x) satisfies the differential equation B'(x)-2*B'(x)*B(x)-1=0. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Jan 18 2011
Complement of A092459; A010058(a(n)) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 29 2011
G.f.: 1/(1-x/(1-x/(1-x/(...)))) (continued fraction). - Joerg Arndt, Mar 18 2011
With F(x) = (1-2*x-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x) an o.g.f. in x for the Catalan series, G(x) = x/(1+x)^2 is the compositional inverse of F (nulling the n=0 term). - Tom Copeland, Sep 04 2011
With H(x) = 1/(dG(x)/dx) = (1+x)^3 / (1-x), the n-th Catalan number is given by (1/n!)*((H(x)*d/dx)^n)x evaluated at x=0, i.e., F(x) = exp(x*H(u)*d/du)u, evaluated at u = 0. Also, dF(x)/dx = H(F(x)), and H(x) is the o.g.f. for A115291. - Tom Copeland, Sep 04 2011
From Tom Copeland, Sep 30 2011: (Start)
With F(x) = (1-sqrt(1-4*x))/2 an o.g.f. in x for the Catalan series, G(x)= x*(1-x) is the compositional inverse and this relates the Catalan numbers to the row sums of A125181.
With H(x) = 1/(dG(x)/dx) = 1/(1-2x), the n-th Catalan number (offset 1) is given by (1/n!)*((H(x)*d/dx)^n)x evaluated at x=0, i.e., F(x) = exp(x*H(u)*d/du)u, evaluated at u = 0. Also, dF(x)/dx = H(F(x)). (End)
G.f.: (1-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x) = G(0) where G(k) = 1 + (4*k+1)*x/(k+1-2*x*(k+1)*(4*k+3)/(2*x*(4*k+3)+(2*k+3)/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Nov 30 2011
E.g.f.: exp(2*x)*(BesselI(0,2*x) - BesselI(1,2*x)) = G(0) where G(k) = 1 + (4*k+1)*x/((k+1)*(2*k+1)-x*(k+1)*(2*k+1)*(4*k+3)/(x*(4*k+3)+(k+1)*(2*k+3)/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Nov 30 2011
E.g.f.: Hypergeometric([1/2],[2],4*x) which coincides with the e.g.f. given just above, and also by Karol A. Penson further above. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 13 2012
A076050(a(n)) = n + 1 for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 17 2012
a(n) = A208355(2*n-1) = A208355(2*n) for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 04 2012
a(n+1) = A214292(2*n+1,n) = A214292(2*n+2,n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
G.f.: 1 + 2*x/(U(0)-2*x) where U(k) = k*(4*x+1) + 2*x + 2 - x*(2*k+3)*(2*k+4)/U(k+1); (continued fraction, Euler's 1st kind, 1-step). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Sep 20 2012
G.f.: hypergeom([1/2,1],[2],4*x). - Joerg Arndt, Apr 06 2013
Special values of Jacobi polynomials, in Maple notation: a(n) = 4^n*JacobiP(n,1,-1/2-n,-1)/(n+1). - Karol A. Penson, Jul 28 2013
For n > 0: a(n) = sum of row n in triangle A001263. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 10 2013
a(n) = binomial(2n,n-1)/n and a(n) mod n = binomial(2n,n) mod n = A059288(n). - Jonathan Sondow, Dec 14 2013
a(n-1) = Sum_{t1+2*t2+...+n*tn=n} (-1)^(1+t1+t2+...+tn)*multinomial(t1+t2 +...+tn,t1,t2,...,tn)*a(1)^t1*a(2)^t2*...*a(n)^tn. - Mircea Merca, Feb 27 2014
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} binomial(n+k-1,n)/n if n > 0. Alexander Adamchuk, Mar 25 2014
a(n) = -2^(2*n+1) * binomial(n-1/2, -3/2). - Peter Luschny, May 06 2014
a(n) = (4*A000984(n) - A000984(n+1))/2. - Stanislav Sykora, Aug 09 2014
a(n) = A246458(n) * A246466(n). - Tom Edgar, Sep 02 2014
a(n) = (2*n)!*[x^(2*n)]hypergeom([],[2],x^2). - Peter Luschny, Jan 31 2015
a(n) = 4^(n-1)*hypergeom([3/2, 1-n], [3], 1). - Peter Luschny, Feb 03 2015
a(2n) = 2*A000150(2n); a(2n+1) = 2*A000150(2n+1) + a(n). - John Bodeen, Jun 24 2015
a(n) = Sum_{t=1..n+1} n^(t-1)*abs(Stirling1(n+1, t)) / Sum_{t=1..n+1} abs(Stirling1(n+1, t)), for n > 0, see (10) in Cereceda link. - Michel Marcus, Oct 06 2015
a(n) ~ 4^(n-2)*(128 + 160/N^2 + 84/N^4 + 715/N^6 - 10180/N^8)/(N^(3/2)*Pi^(1/2)) where N = 4*n+3. - Peter Luschny, Oct 14 2015
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..floor((n+1)/2)} (-1)^(k-1)*binomial(n+1-k,k)*a(n-k) if n > 0; and a(0) = 1. - David Pasino, Jun 29 2016
Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n/a(n) = 14/25 - 24*arccsch(2)/(25*sqrt(5)) = 14/25 - 24*A002390/(25*sqrt(5)) = 0.353403708337278061333... - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jun 30 2016
C(n) = (1/n) * Sum_{i+j+k=n-1} C(i)*C(j)*C(k)*(k+1), n >= 1. - Yuchun Ji, Feb 21 2016
C(n) = 1 + Sum_{i+j+kYuchun Ji, Sep 01 2016
a(n) = A001700(n) - A162551(n) = binomial(2*n+1,n+1). - 2*binomial(2*n,n-1). - Taras Goy, Aug 09 2018
G.f.: A(x) = (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x)) / (2*x) = 2F1(1/2,1;2;4*x). G.f. A(x) satisfies A = 1 + x*A^2. - R. J. Mathar, Nov 17 2018
C(n) = 1 + Sum_{i=0..n-1} A000245(i). - Yuchun Ji, Jan 10 2019
From A.H.M. Smeets, Apr 11 2020: (Start)
(1+sqrt(1+4*x))/2 = 1-Sum_{i >= 0} a(i)*(-x)^(i+1), for any complex x with |x| < 1/4; and sqrt(x+sqrt(x+sqrt(x+...))) = 1-Sum_{i >= 0} a(i)*(-x)^(i+1), for any complex x with |x| < 1/4 and x <> 0. (End)
a(3n+1)*a(5n+4)*a(15n+10) = a(3n+2)*a(5n+2)*a(15n+11). The first case of Catalan product equation of a triple partition of 23n+15. - Yuchun Ji, Sep 27 2020
a(n) = 4^n * (-1)^(n+1) * 3F2[{n + 1,n + 1/2,n}, {3/2,1}, -1], n >= 1. - Sergii Voloshyn, Oct 22 2020
a(n) = 2^(1 + 2 n) * (-1)^(n)/(1 + n) * 3F2[{n, 1/2 + n, 1 + n}, {1/2, 1}, -1], n >= 1. - Sergii Voloshyn, Nov 08 2020
a(n) = (1/Pi)*4^(n+1)*Integral_{x=0..Pi/2} cos(x)^(2*n)*sin(x)^2 dx. - Greg Dresden, May 30 2021
From Peter Bala, Aug 17 2021: (Start)
G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x) = 1/sqrt(1 - 4*x) * A( -x/(1 - 4*x) ) and (A(x) + A(-x))/2 = 1/sqrt(1 - 4*x) * A( -2*x/(1 - 4*x) ); these are the cases k = 0 and k = -1 of the general formula 1/sqrt(1 - 4*x) * A( (k-1)*x/(1 - 4*x) ) = Sum_{n >= 0} ((k^(n+1) - 1)/(k - 1))*Catalan(n)*x^n.
2 - sqrt(1 - 4*x)/A( k*x/(1 - 4*x) ) = 1 + Sum_{n >= 1} (1 + (k + 1)^n) * Catalan(n-1)*x^n. (End)
Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*(-1/4)^n = 2*(sqrt(2)-1) (A163960). - Amiram Eldar, Mar 22 2022
0 = a(n)*(16*a(n+1) - 10*a(n+2)) + a(n+1)*(2*a(n+1) + a(n+2)) for all n>=0. - Michael Somos, Dec 12 2022
G.f.: (offset 1) 1/G(x), with G(x) = 1 - 2*x - x^2/G(x) (Jacobi continued fraction). - Nikolaos Pantelidis, Feb 01 2023
a(n) = K^(2n+1, n, 1) for all n >= 0, where K^(n, s, x) is the Krawtchouk polynomial defined to be Sum_{k=0..s} (-1)^k * binomial(n-x, s-k) * binomial(x, k). - Vladislav Shubin, Aug 17 2023
From Peter Bala, Feb 03 2024: (Start)
The g.f. A(x) satisfies the following functional equations:
A(x) = 1 + x/(1 - 4*x) * A(-x/(1 - 4*x))^2,
A(x^2) = 1/(1 - 2*x) * A(- x/(1 - 2*x))^2 and, for arbitrary k,
1/(1 - k*x) * A(x/(1 - k*x))^2 = 1/(1 - (k+4)*x) * A(-x/(1 - (k+4)*x))^2. (End)
a(n) = A363448(n) + A363449(n). - Julien Rouyer, Jun 28 2024

A009766 Catalan's triangle T(n,k) (read by rows): each term is the sum of the entries above and to the left, i.e., T(n,k) = Sum_{j=0..k} T(n-1,j).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3, 5, 5, 1, 4, 9, 14, 14, 1, 5, 14, 28, 42, 42, 1, 6, 20, 48, 90, 132, 132, 1, 7, 27, 75, 165, 297, 429, 429, 1, 8, 35, 110, 275, 572, 1001, 1430, 1430, 1, 9, 44, 154, 429, 1001, 2002, 3432, 4862, 4862, 1, 10, 54, 208, 637, 1638, 3640, 7072, 11934
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Wouter Meeussen

Keywords

Comments

The entries in this triangle (in its many forms) are often called ballot numbers.
T(n,k) = number of standard tableaux of shape (n,k) (n > 0, 0 <= k <= n). Example: T(3,1) = 3 because we have 134/2, 124/3 and 123/4. - Emeric Deutsch, May 18 2004
T(n,k) is the number of full binary trees with n+1 internal nodes and jump-length k. In the preorder traversal of a full binary tree, any transition from a node at a deeper level to a node on a strictly higher level is called a jump; the positive difference of the levels is called the jump distance; the sum of the jump distances in a given ordered tree is called the jump-length. - Emeric Deutsch, Jan 18 2007
The k-th diagonal from the right (k=1, 2, ...) gives the sequence obtained by asking in how many ways can we toss a fair coin until we first get k more heads than tails. The k-th diagonal has formula k(2m+k-1)!/(m!(m+k)!) and g.f. (C(x))^k where C(x) is the generating function for the Catalan numbers, (1-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x). - Anthony C Robin, Jul 12 2007
T(n,k) is also the number of order-decreasing and order-preserving full transformations (of an n-element chain) of waist k (waist (alpha) = max(Im(alpha))). - Abdullahi Umar, Aug 25 2008
Formatted as an upper right triangle (see tables) a(c,r) is the number of different triangulated planar polygons with c+2 vertices, with triangle degree c-r+1 for the same vertex X (c=column number, r=row number, with c >= r >= 1). - Patrick Labarque, Jul 28 2010
The triangle sums, see A180662 for their definitions, link Catalan's triangle, its mirror is A033184, with several sequences, see crossrefs. - Johannes W. Meijer, Sep 22 2010
The m-th row of Catalan's triangle consists of the unique nonnegative differences of the form binomial(m+k,m)-binomial(m+k,m+1) with 0 <= k <= m (See Links). - R. J. Cano, Jul 22 2014
T(n,k) is also the number of nondecreasing parking functions of length n+1 whose maximum element is k+1. For example T(3,2) = 5 because we have (1,1,1,3), (1,1,2,3), (1,2,2,3), (1,1,3,3), (1,2,3,3). - Ran Pan, Nov 16 2015
T(n,k) is the number of Dyck paths from (0,0) to (n+2,n+2) which start with n-k+2 east steps and touch the diagonal y=x only on the last north step. - Felipe Rueda, Sep 18 2019
T(n-1,k) for k < n is number of well-formed strings of n parenthesis pairs with prefix of exactly n-k opening parenthesis; T(n,n) = T(n,n-1). - Hermann Stamm-Wilbrandt, May 02 2021

Examples

			Triangle begins in row n=0 with 0 <= k <= n:
  1;
  1, 1;
  1, 2,  2;
  1, 3,  5,   5;
  1, 4,  9,  14,  14;
  1, 5, 14,  28,  42,   42;
  1, 6, 20,  48,  90,  132,  132;
  1, 7, 27,  75, 165,  297,  429,  429;
  1, 8, 35, 110, 275,  572, 1001, 1430, 1430;
  1, 9, 44, 154, 429, 1001, 2002, 3432, 4862, 4862;

References

  • William Feller, Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, vol. I, ed. 2, chap. 3, sect. 1,2.
  • Ki Hang Kim, Douglas G. Rogers, and Fred W. Roush, Similarity relations and semiorders. Proceedings of the Tenth Southeastern Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing (Florida Atlantic Univ., Boca Raton, Fla., 1979), pp. 577-594, Congress. Numer., XXIII-XXIV, Utilitas Math., Winnipeg, Man., 1979. MR0561081 (81i:05013).
  • D. E. Knuth, TAOCP, Vol. 4, Section 7.2.1.6, Eq. 22, p. 451.
  • C. Krishnamachary and M. Bheemasena Rao, Determinants whose elements are Eulerian, prepared Bernoullian and other numbers, J. Indian Math. Soc., 14 (1922), 55-62, 122-138 and 143-146.
  • M. Bellon, Query 5467, L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens, 4 (1925), 11; H. Ory, 4 (1925), 120. - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 09 2022
  • Andrzej Proskurowski and Ekaputra Laiman, Fast enumeration, ranking, and unranking of binary trees. Proceedings of the thirteenth Southeastern conference on combinatorics, graph theory and computing (Boca Raton, Fla., 1982). Congr. Numer. 35 (1982), 401-413.MR0725898 (85a:68152).
  • M. Welsch, Note #371, L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens, 2 (1895), pp. 235-237. - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 02 2022

Links

Crossrefs

The following are all versions of (essentially) the same Catalan triangle: A009766, A008315, A028364, A030237, A047072, A053121, A059365, A062103, A099039, A106566, A130020, A140344.
Cf. A062745, A214292.
Sums of the shallow diagonals give A001405, central binomial coefficients: 1=1, 1=1, 1+1=2, 1+2=3, 1+3+2=6, 1+4+5=10, 1+5+9+5=20, ...
Row sums as well as the sums of the squares of the shallow diagonals give Catalan numbers (A000108).
Reflected version of A033184.
Diagonals give A000108, A000108, A000245, A002057, A000344, A003517, A000588, A003518, A003519, A001392, ...
Triangle sums (see the comments): A000108 (Row1), A000957 (Row2), A001405 (Kn11), A014495 (Kn12), A194124 (Kn13), A030238 (Kn21), A000984 (Kn4), A000958 (Fi2), A165407 (Ca1), A026726 (Ca4), A081696 (Ze2).

Programs

  • GAP
    Flat(List([0..10],n->List([0..n],m->Binomial(n+m,n)*(n-m+1)/(n+1)))); # Muniru A Asiru, Feb 18 2018
  • Haskell
    a009766 n k = a009766_tabl !! n !! k
a009766_row n = a009766_tabl !! n
a009766_tabl = iterate (\row -> scanl1 (+) (row ++ [0])) [1]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
  • Magma
    [[Binomial(n+k,n)*(n-k+1)/(n+1): k in [0..n]]: n in [0..10]]; // G. C. Greubel, Mar 07 2019
  • Maple
    A009766 := proc(n,k) binomial(n+k,n)*(n-k+1)/(n+1); end proc:
seq(seq(A009766(n,k), k=0..n), n=0..10); # R. J. Mathar, Dec 03 2010
  • Mathematica
    Flatten[NestList[Append[Accumulate[#], Last[Accumulate[#]]] &, {1}, 9]] (* Birkas Gyorgy, May 19 2012 *)
T[n_, k_] := T[n, k] = Which[k == 0, 1, k>n, 0, True, T[n-1, k] + T[n, k-1] ]; Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 10}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 07 2016 *)
  • PARI
    {T(n, k) = if( k<0 || k>n, 0, binomial(n+1+k, k) * (n+1-k) / (n+1+k) )}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 17 2006 */
  • PARI
    b009766=(n1=0,n2=100)->{my(q=if(!n1,0,binomial(n1+1,2)));for(w=n1,n2,for(k=0,w,write("b009766.txt",1*q" "1*(binomial(w+k,w)-binomial(w+k,w+1)));q++))} \\ R. J. Cano, Jul 22 2014
  • Python
    from math import comb, isqrt
def A009766(n): return comb((a:=(m:=isqrt(k:=n+1<<1))-(k<=m*(m+1)))+(b:=n-comb(a+1,2)),b)*(a-b+1)//(a+1) # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 12 2024
  • Sage
    @CachedFunction
def ballot(p,q):
    if p == 0 and q == 0: return 1
    if p < 0 or p > q: return 0
    S = ballot(p-2, q) + ballot(p, q-2)
    if q % 2 == 1: S += ballot(p-1, q-1)
    return S
A009766 = lambda n, k: ballot(2*k, 2*n)
for n in (0..7): [A009766(n, k) for k in (0..n)]  # Peter Luschny, Mar 05 2014
  • Sage
    [[binomial(n+k,n)*(n-k+1)/(n+1) for k in (0..n)] for n in (0..10)] # G. C. Greubel, Mar 07 2019

Formula

T(n, m) = binomial(n+m, n)*(n-m+1)/(n+1), 0 <= m <= n.
G.f. for column m: (x^m)*N(2; m-1, x)/(1-x)^(m+1), m >= 0, with the row polynomials from triangle A062991 and N(2; -1, x) := 1.
G.f.: C(t*x)/(1-x*C(t*x)) = 1 + (1+t)*x + (1+2*t+2*t^2)*x^2 + ..., where C(x) = (1-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x) is the Catalan function. - Emeric Deutsch, May 18 2004
Another version of triangle T(n, k) given by [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...] DELTA [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...] = 1; 1, 0; 1, 1, 0; 1, 2, 2, 0; 1, 3, 5, 5, 0; 1, 4, 9, 14, 14, 0; ... where DELTA is the operator defined in A084938. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 16 2005
O.g.f. (with offset 1) is the series reversion of x*(1+x*(1-t))/(1+x)^2 = x - x^2*(1+t) + x^3*(1+2*t) - x^4*(1+3*t) + ... . - Peter Bala, Jul 15 2012
Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} T(n-k+p-1, k+p-1) = A001405(n+2*p-2) - C(n+2*p-2, p-2), p >= 1. - Johannes W. Meijer, Oct 03 2013
Let A(x,t) denote the o.g.f. Then 1 + x*d/dx(A(x,t))/A(x,t) = 1 + (1 + t)*x + (1 + 2*t + 3*t^2)*x^2 + (1 + 3*t + 6*t^2 + 10*t^3)*x^3 + ... is the o.g.f. for A059481. - Peter Bala, Jul 21 2015
The n-th row polynomial equals the n-th degree Taylor polynomial of the function (1 - 2*x)/(1 - x)^(n+2) about 0. For example, for n = 4, (1 - 2*x)/(1 - x)^6 = 1 + 4*x + 9*x^2 + 14*x^3 + 14*x^4 + O(x^5). - Peter Bala, Feb 18 2018
T(n,k) = binomial(n + k + 1, k) - 2*binomial(n + k, k - 1), for 0 <= k <= n. - David Callan, Jun 15 2022

A000245 a(n) = 3*(2*n)!/((n+2)!*(n-1)!).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 9, 28, 90, 297, 1001, 3432, 11934, 41990, 149226, 534888, 1931540, 7020405, 25662825, 94287120, 347993910, 1289624490, 4796857230, 17902146600, 67016296620, 251577050010, 946844533674, 3572042254128, 13505406670700, 51166197843852, 194214400834356
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

This sequence represents the expected saturation of a binary search tree (or BST) on n nodes times the number of binary search trees on n nodes, or alternatively, the sum of the saturation of all binary search trees on n nodes. - Marko Riedel, Jan 24 2002
1->12, 2->123, 3->1234 etc. starting with 1, gives A007001: 1, 12, 12123, 12123121231234... summing the digits gives this sequence. - Miklos Kristof, Nov 05 2002
a(n-1) = number of n-th generation vertices in the tree of sequences with unit increase labeled by 2 (cf. Zoran Sunic reference). - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 07 2003
With offset 1, number of permutations beginning with 12 and avoiding 32-1.
Number of lattice paths from (0,0) to (n,n) with steps E=(1,0) and N=(0,1) which touch but do not cross the line x-y=1. - Herbert Kociemba, May 24 2004
a(n) is the number of Dyck (n+1)-paths that start with UU. For example, a(2)=3 counts UUUDDD, UUDUDD, UUDDUD. - David Callan, Dec 08 2004
a(n) is the number of Dyck (n+2)-paths that start with UUDU. For example, a(2)=3 counts UUDUDDUD, UUDUDUDD, UUDUUDDD. - David Scambler, Feb 14 2011
Hankel transform is (0,-1,-1,0,1,1,0,-1,-1,0,...). Hankel transform of a(n+1) is (1,0,-1,-1,0,1,1,0,-1,-1,0,...). - Paul Barry, Feb 08 2008
Starting with offset 1 = row sums of triangle A154558. - Gary W. Adamson, Jan 11 2009
Starting with offset 1 equals INVERT transform of A014137, partial sums of the Catalan numbers: (1, 2, 4, 9, 23, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, May 15 2009
With offset 1, a(n) is the binomial transform of the shortened Motzkin numbers: 1, 2, 4, 9, 21, 51, 127, 323, ... (A001006). - Aoife Hennessy (aoife.hennessy(AT)gmail.com), Sep 07 2009
The Catalan sequence convolved with its shifted variant, e.g. a(5) = 90 = (1, 1, 2, 5, 14) dot (42, 14, 5, 2, 1) = (42 + 14 + 10 + 10 + 14 ) = 90. - Gary W. Adamson, Nov 22 2011
a(n+2) = A214292(2*n+3,n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
With offset 3, a(n) is the number of permutations on {1,2,...,n} that are 123-avoiding, i.e., do not contain a three term monotone subsequence, for which the first ascent is at positions (3,4); see Connolly link. There it is shown in general that the k-th Catalan Convolution is the number of 123-avoiding permutations for which the first ascent is at (k, k+1). (For n=k, the first ascent is defined to be at positions (k,k+1) if the permutation is the decreasing permutation with no ascents.) - Anant Godbole, Jan 17 2014
With offset 3, a(n)=number of permutations on {1,2,...,n} that are 123-avoiding and for which the integer n is in the 3rd spot; see Connolly link. For example, there are 297 123-avoiding permutations on n=9 at which the element 9 is in the third spot. - Anant Godbole, Jan 17 2014
With offset 1, a(n) is the number of North-East paths from (0,0) to (n+1,n+1) that bounce off y = x to the right exactly once but do not cross y = x vertically. Details can be found in Section 4.4 in Pan and Remmel's link. - Ran Pan, Feb 01 2016
The total number of returns (downsteps which end on the line y=0) within the set of all Dyck paths from (0,0) to (2n,0). - Cheyne Homberger, Sep 05 2016
a(n) is the number of intervals of the form [s,w] that are distributive (equivalently, modular) lattices in the weak order on S_n, for a fixed simple reflection s. - Bridget Tenner, Jan 16 2020
a(n+2) is the number of coalescent histories for a pair (G,S) where G is a gene tree with 3-pseudocaterpillar shape and n leaves, S is a species tree with caterpillar shape and n leaves, and G and S have identical leaf labeling. - Noah A Rosenberg, Jun 15 2022
a(n) is the number of parking functions of size n avoiding the patterns 132, 213, and 312. - Lara Pudwell, Apr 10 2023
a(n) is the number of parking functions of size n avoiding the patterns 123 and 213. - Lara Pudwell, Apr 10 2023

References

  • Pierre de la Harpe, Topics in Geometric Group Theory, Univ. Chicago Press, 2000, p. 11, coefficients of P_3(z).
  • Ki Hang Kim, Douglas G. Rogers and Fred W. Roush, Similarity relations and semiorders. Proceedings of the Tenth Southeastern Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing (Florida Atlantic Univ., Boca Raton, Fla., 1979), pp. 577-594, Congress. Numer., XXIII-XXIV, Utilitas Math., Winnipeg, Man., 1979. MR0561081 (81i:05013)
  • C. Krishnamachary and M. Bheemasena Rao, Determinants whose elements are Eulerian, prepared Bernoullian and other numbers, J. Indian Math. Soc., Vol. 14 (1922), pp. 55-62, 122-138 and 143-146.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

First differences of Catalan numbers A000108.
T(n, n+3) for n=0, 1, 2, ..., array T as in A047072.
Cf. A099364.
A diagonal of any of the essentially equivalent arrays A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.
Cf. A002057, A000344, A003517, A000588, A003518, A003519, A001392, A001622.
Cf. A154558, A014137.
Column k=1 of A067323.

Programs

  • GAP
    Concatenation([0],List([1..30],n->3*Factorial(2*n)/(Factorial(n+2)*Factorial(n-1)))); # Muniru A Asiru, Aug 09 2018
  • Magma
    [0] cat [3*Factorial(2*n)/(Factorial(n+2)*Factorial(n-1)): n in [1..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 15 2016
  • Maple
    A000245 := n -> 3*binomial(2*n, n-1)/(n+2);
seq(A000245(n), n=0..27);
  • Mathematica
    Table[3(2n)!/((n+2)!(n-1)!),{n,0,30}] (* or *) Table[3*Binomial[2n,n-1]/(n+2),{n,0,30}] (* or *) Differences[CatalanNumber[Range[0,31]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 13 2011 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=if(n<1,0,3*(2*n)!/(n+2)!/(n-1)!)
  • Sage
    [catalan_number(i+1) - catalan_number(i) for i in range(28)] # Zerinvary Lajos, May 17 2009
  • Sage
    def A000245_list(n) :
    D = [0]*(n+1); D[1] = 1
    b = False; h = 1; R = []
    for i in range(2*n-1) :
        if b :
            for k in range(h,0,-1) : D[k] += D[k-1]
            h += 1; R.append(D[2])
        else :
            for k in range(1,h, 1) : D[k] += D[k+1]
        b = not b
    return R
A000245_list(29) # Peter Luschny, Jun 03 2012

Formula

a(n) = A000108(n+1) - A000108(n).
G.f.: x*(c(x))^3 = (-1+(1-x)*c(x))/x, c(x) = g.f. for Catalan numbers. Also a(n) = 3*n*Catalan(n)/(n+2). - Wolfdieter Lang
For n > 1, a(n) = 3a(n-1) + Sum[a(k)*a(n-k-2), k=1,...,n-3]. - John W. Layman, Dec 13 2002; proved by Michael Somos, Jul 05 2003
G.f. is A(x) = C(x)*(1-x)/x-1/x = x(1+x*C(x)^2)*C(x)^2 where C(x) is g.f. for Catalan numbers, A000108.
G.f. satisfies x^2*A(x)^2 + (3*x-1)*A(x) + x = 0.
Series reversion of g.f. A(x) is -A(-x). - Michael Somos, Jan 21 2004
a(n+1) = Sum_{i+j+k=n} C(i)C(j)C(k) with i, j, k >= 0 and where C(k) denotes the k-th Catalan number. - Benoit Cloitre, Nov 09 2003
An inverse Chebyshev transform of x^2. - Paul Barry, Oct 13 2004
The sequence is 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 9, 0, ... with zeros restored. Second binomial transform of (-1)^n*A005322(n). The g.f. is transformed to x^2 under the Chebyshev transformation A(x)->(1/(1+x^2))A(x/(1+x^2)). For a sequence b(n), this corresponds to taking Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} C(n-k, k)(-1)^k*b(n-2k), or Sum_{k=0..n} C((n+k)/2, k)*b(k)*(-1)^((n-k)/2)*(1+(-1)^(n-k))/2. - Paul Barry, Oct 13 2004
G.f.: (c(x^2)*(1-x^2)-1)/x^2, c(x) the g.f. of A000108; a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (k+1)*C(n, (n-k)/2)*(-1)^k*(C(2,k)-2*C(1,k)+C(0, k))*(1+(-1)^(n-k))/(n+k+2). - Paul Barry, Oct 13 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n,k)*2^(n-k)*(-1)^(k+1)*binomial(k, floor((k-1)/2)). - Paul Barry, Feb 16 2006
E.g.f.: exp(2*x)*(Bessel_I(1,2x) - Bessel_I(2,2*x)). - Paul Barry, Jun 04 2007
a(n) = (1/Pi)*Integral_{x=0..4} x^n*(x-1)*sqrt(x*(4-x))/(2*x). - Paul Barry, Feb 08 2008
D-finite with recurrence: For n > 1, a(n+1) = 2*(2n+1)*(n+1)*a(n)/((n+3)*n). - Sean A. Irvine, Dec 09 2009
Let A be the Toeplitz matrix of order n defined by: A[i,i-1]=-1, A[i,j] = Catalan(j-i), (i<=j), and A[i,j] = 0, otherwise. Then, for n >= 2, a(n-1) = (-1)^(n-2)*coeff(charpoly(A,x),x^2). - Milan Janjic, Jul 08 2010
a(n) = sum of top row terms of M^(n-1), M = an infinite square production matrix as follows:
2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, ...
1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, ...
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, ...
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
...
- Gary W. Adamson, Jul 14 2011
E.g.f.: exp(2*x)*(BesselI(2,2*x)) = Q(0) - 1 where Q(k) = 1 - 2*x/(k + 1 - 3*((k+1)^2)/((k^2) + 8*k + 9 - (k+2)*((k+3)^2)*(2*k+3)/((k+3)*(2*k+3) - 3*(k+1)/Q(k+1)))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 05 2011
a(n) = -binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1)*hypergeom([-1,n+1/2],[n+2],4). - Peter Luschny, Aug 15 2012
a(n) = Sum_{i=0..n-1} C(i)*C(n-i), where C(i) denotes the i-th Catalan number. - Dmitry Kruchinin, Mar 02 2013
a(n) = binomial(2*n-1, n) - binomial(2*n-1, n-3). - Johannes W. Meijer, Jul 31 2013
a(n) ~ 3*4^n/(n^(3/2)*sqrt(Pi)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 26 2016
a(n) = ((-1)^n/(n+1))*Sum_{i=0..n-1} (-1)^(i+1)*(n+1-i)*binomial(2*n+2,i), n>=0. - Taras Goy, Aug 09 2018
From Amiram Eldar, Jan 02 2022: (Start)
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = 14*Pi/(27*sqrt(3)) + 5/9.
Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = 164*log(phi)/(75*sqrt(5)) + 7/25, where phi is the golden ratio (A001622). (End)
a(n) = 3*Sum_{k = 0..n-2} (-1)^k * binomial(2*n-k-1, n+1)*binomial(n+1, k)/(k + 1) for n >= 2. - Peter Bala, Sep 02 2024
a(n) = (3*n/(n+2))*A000108(n). - Taras Goy, Dec 20 2024

Extensions

I changed the description and added an initial 0, to make this coincide with the first differences of the Catalan numbers A000108. Some of the other lines will need to be changed as a result. - N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 31 2003

A033184 Catalan triangle A009766 transposed.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 5, 5, 3, 1, 14, 14, 9, 4, 1, 42, 42, 28, 14, 5, 1, 132, 132, 90, 48, 20, 6, 1, 429, 429, 297, 165, 75, 27, 7, 1, 1430, 1430, 1001, 572, 275, 110, 35, 8, 1, 4862, 4862, 3432, 2002, 1001, 429, 154, 44, 9, 1
Offset: 1

Views

Author

Christian G. Bower

Keywords

Comments

Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = number of Dyck n-paths (A000108) containing k returns to ground level. E.g., the paths UDUUDD, UUDDUD each have 2 returns; so T(3,2)=2. Row sums over even-indexed columns are the Fine numbers A000957. - David Callan, Jul 25 2005
Triangular array of numbers a(n,k) = number of linear forests of k planted planar trees and n non-root nodes.
Catalan convolution triangle; with offset [0,0]: a(n,m)=(m+1)*binomial(2*n-m,n-m)/(n+1), n >= m >= 0, else 0. G.f. for column m: c(x)*(x*c(x))^m with c(x) g.f. for A000108 (Catalan). - Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 12 2001
a(n+1,m+1), n >= m >= 0, a(n,m) := 0, nA030528(n,m)*(-1)^(n-m).
a(n,k)=number of Dyck paths of semilength n and having k returns to the axis. Also number of Dyck paths of semilength n and having first peak at height k. Also number of ordered trees with n edges and root degree k. Also number of ordered trees with n edges and having the leftmost leaf at level k. Also number of parallelogram polyominoes of semiperimeter n+1 and having k cells in the leftmost column. - Emeric Deutsch, Mar 01 2004
Triangle T(n,k) with 1<=k<=n given by [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...] DELTA [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...] = 1; 0, 1; 0, 1, 1; 0, 2, 2, 1; 0, 5, 5, 3, 1; 0, 14, 14, 9, 4, 1; ... where DELTA is the operator defined in A084938; essentially the same triangle as A059365. - Philippe Deléham, Jun 14 2004
Number of Dyck paths of semilength and having k-1 peaks at height 2. - Emeric Deutsch, Aug 31 2004
Riordan array (c(x),x*c(x)), c(x) the g.f. of A000108. Inverse of Riordan array (1-x,x*(1-x)). - Paul Barry, Jun 22 2005
Subtriangle of triangle A106566. - Philippe Deléham, Jan 07 2007
T(n, k) is also the number of order-preserving and order-decreasing full transformations (of an n-chain) with exactly k fixed points. - Abdullahi Umar, Oct 02 2008
Triangle read by rows, product of A065600 and A007318 considered as infinite lower triangular arrays; A033184 = A065600*A007318. - Philippe Deléham, Dec 07 2009
The formula stating "Column k is the k-fold convolution of column 1" is equivalent to repeatedly applying M to [1,0,0,0,...], where M is an upper triangular matrix of all 1's with an additional single subdiagonal of 1's. - Gary W. Adamson, Jun 06 2011
4^(n-1) = (n-th row terms) dot (first n terms in A001792), where A001792 = binomial transform of the natural numbers: (1, 3, 8, 20, 48, 112, ...). Example: 4^4 = 256 = (14, 14, 9, 4, 1) dot (1, 3, 8, 20, 48) = (42 + 42 + 28 + 14 + 5 + 1) = 256. - Gary W. Adamson, Jun 17 2011
The e.g.f. for the n-th subdiagonal of the triangle has the form exp(x)*P(n,x), where P(n,x) is the e.g.f. for row n of triangle A039599. For example, the third row of A039599 is [5, 9, 5, 1] and so the third subdiagonal sequence of this triangle [5, 14, 28, 48, 75, ...] has the e.g.f. exp(x)*(5 + 9*x + 5*x^2/2! + x^3/3!). - Peter Bala, Oct 15 2019
Antidiagonals of convolution matrix of Table 1.3, p. 397, of Hoggatt and Bicknell. - Tom Copeland, Dec 25 2019
Also the convolution triangle of A120588(n) = A000108(n-1) for n > 0. - Peter Luschny, Oct 07 2022

Examples

			Triangle begins:
  ---+-----------------------------------
  n\k|   1    2    3    4    5    6    7
  ---+-----------------------------------
   1 |   1
   2 |   1    1
   3 |   2    2    1
   4 |   5    5    3    1
   5 |  14   14    9    4    1
   6 |  42   42   28   14    5    1
   7 | 132  132   90   48   20    6    1
From _Peter Bala_, Feb 17 2025: (Start)
The array factorizes as an infinite product (read from right to left) of triangular arrays:
  / 1               \        / 1              \ / 1              \ / 1             \
  | 1    1           |       | 0   1          | | 0  1           | | 1  1          |
  | 2    2   1       | = ... | 0   0   1      | | 0  1   1       | | 1  1  1       |
  | 5    5   3   1   |       | 0   0   1  1   | | 0  1   1  1    | | 1  1  1  1    |
  |14   14   9   4  1|       | 0   0   1  1  1| | 0  1   1  1  1 | | 1  1  1  1  1 |
  |...               |       |...             | |...             | |...            |
See Bala, Example 2.1. (End)

Links

Crossrefs

Rows of Catalan triangle A009766 read backwards.
a(n, 1) = A000108(n-1). Row sums = A000108(n) (Catalan).
The following are all versions of (essentially) the same Catalan triangle: A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.
Diagonals give A000108, A000245, A002057, A000344, A003517, A000588, A003518, A003519, A001392.
Cf. A116364 (row squared sums), A120588.

Programs

  • Haskell
    a033184 n k = a033184_tabl !! (n-1) !! (k-1)
a033184_row n = a033184_tabl !! (n-1)
a033184_tabl = map reverse a009766_tabl
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 19 2014
  • Magma
    /* As triangle: */ [[Binomial(2*n-k,n)*k/(2*n-k): k in [1..n]]: n in [1.. 15]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Oct 12 2015
  • Maple
    a := proc(n,k) if k<=n then k*binomial(2*n-k,n)/(2*n-k) else 0 fi end: seq(seq(a(n,k),k=1..n),n=1..10);
# Uses function PMatrix from A357368. Adds row and column for n, k = 0.
PMatrix(10, n -> binomial(2*(n-1), n-1) / n); # Peter Luschny, Oct 07 2022
  • Mathematica
    nn = 10; c = (1 - (1 - 4 x)^(1/2))/(2 x); f[list_] := Select[list, # > 0 &]; Map[f, Drop[CoefficientList[Series[y x c/(1 - y x c), {x, 0, nn}], {x, y}],1]] //Flatten (* Geoffrey Critzer, Jan 31 2012 *)
Flatten[Reverse /@ NestList[Append[Accumulate[#], Last[Accumulate[#]]] &, {1}, 9]] (* Birkas Gyorgy, May 19 2012 *)
T[1, 1] := 1; T[n_, k_]/;1<=k<=n := T[n, k] = T[n-1, k-1]+T[n, k+1]; T[n_, k_] := 0; Flatten@Table[T[n, k], {n, 1, 10}, {k, 1, n}] (* Oliver Seipel, Dec 31 2024 *)
  • PARI
    T(n,k)=binomial(2*(n-k)+k,n-k)*(k+1)/(n+1) \\ Paul D. Hanna, Aug 11 2008
  • Sage
    # The simplest way to construct the triangle.
def A033184_triangle(n) :
    T = [0 for i in (0..n)]
    for k in (1..n) :
        T[k] = 1
        for i in range(k-1,0,-1) :
            T[i] = T[i-1] + T[i+1]
        print([T[i] for i in (1..k)])
A033184_triangle(10) # Peter Luschny, Jan 27 2012

Formula

Column k is the k-fold convolution of column 1. The triangle is also defined recursively by (i) entries outside triangle are 0, (ii) top left entry is 1, (iii) every other entry is sum of its east and northwest neighbor. - David Callan, Jul 25 2005
G.f.: t*x*c/(1-t*x*c), where c=(1-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x) is the g.f. of the Catalan numbers (A000108). - Emeric Deutsch, Mar 01 2004
T(n+1,k+1) = C(2*n-k, n-k)*(k+1)/(n+1). - Paul D. Hanna, Aug 11 2008
T((m+1)*n+r-1,m*n+r-1)*r/(m*n+r) = Sum_{k=1..n} (k/n)*T((m+1)*n-k-1,m*n-1)*T(r+k,r), n >= m > 1. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Mar 17 2011
T(n-1,m-1) = (m/n)*Sum_{k=1..n-m+1} (k*A000108(k-1)*T(n-k-1,m-2)), n >= m > 1. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Mar 17 2011
T(n,k) = C(2*n-k-1,n-k) - C(2*n-k-1,n-k-1). - Dennis P. Walsh, Mar 19 2012
T(n,k) = C(2*n-k,n)*k/(2*n-k). - Dennis P. Walsh, Mar 19 2012
T(n,k) = T(n,k-1) - T(n-1,k-2). - Dennis P. Walsh, Mar 19 2012
G.f.: 2*x*y / (1 + sqrt(1 - 4*x) - 2*x*y) = Sum_{n >= k > 0} T(n, k) * x^n * y^k. - Michael Somos, Jun 06 2016

A002057 Fourth convolution of Catalan numbers: a(n) = 4*binomial(2*n+3,n)/(n+4).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 4, 14, 48, 165, 572, 2002, 7072, 25194, 90440, 326876, 1188640, 4345965, 15967980, 58929450, 218349120, 811985790, 3029594040, 11338026180, 42550029600, 160094486370, 603784920024, 2282138106804, 8643460269248, 32798844771700, 124680849918352
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

a(n) is sum of the (flattened) list obtained by the iteration of: replace each integer k with the list 0,...,k+1 on the starting value 0. Length of this list is Catalan(n) or A000108. - Wouter Meeussen, Nov 11 2001
a(n-2) is the number of n-th generation vertices in the tree of sequences with unit increase labeled by 3 (cf. Zoran Sunic reference). - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 07 2003
Number of standard tableaux of shape (n+2,n-1). - Emeric Deutsch, May 30 2004
a(n) = CatalanNumber(n+3) - 2*CatalanNumber(n+2). Proof. From its definition as a convolution of Catalan numbers, a(n) counts lists of 4 Dyck paths of total size (semilength) = n. Connect the 4 paths by 3 upsteps (U) and append 3 downsteps (D). This is a reversible procedure. So a(n) is also the number of Dyck (n+3)-paths that end DDD (D for downstep). Let C(n) denote CatalanNumber(n) (A000108). Since C(n+3) is the total number of Dyck (n+3)-paths and C(n+2) is the number that end UD, we have (*) C(n+3) - C(n+2) is the number of Dyck (n+3)-paths that end DD. Also, (**) C(n+2) is the number of Dyck (n+3)-paths that end UDD (change the last D in a Dyck (n+2)-path to UDD). Subtracting (**) from (*) yields a(n) = C(n+3) - 2C(n+2) as claimed. - David Callan, Nov 21 2006
Convolution square of the Catalan sequence without one of the initial "1"'s: (1 + 4x + 14x^2 + 48x^3 + ...) = (1/x^2) * square(x + 2x^2 + 5x^3 + 14x^4 + ...)
a(n) is the number of binary trees with n+3 internal nodes in which both subtrees of the root are nonempty. Cf. A068875 [Sedgewick and Flajolet]. - Geoffrey Critzer, Jan 05 2013
With offset 4, a(n) is the number of permutations on {1,2,...,n} that are 123-avoiding, i.e., do not contain a three-term monotone subsequence, for which the first ascent is at positions (4,5); for example, there are 48 123-avoiding permutations on n=7 for which the first ascent is at spots (4,5). See Connolly link. There it is shown in general that the k-th Catalan Convolution is the number of 123-avoiding permutations for which the first ascent is at (k, k+1). (For n=k, the first ascent is defined to be at positions (k,k+1) if the permutation is the decreasing permutation with no ascents.) - Anant Godbole, Jan 17 2014
With offset 4, a(n) is the number of permutations on {1,2,...,n} that are 123-avoiding and for which the integer n is in the 4th spot; see Connolly link. - Anant Godbole, Jan 17 2014
a(n) is the number of North-East lattice paths from (0,0) to (n+2,n+2) that have exactly one east step below the subdiagonal y = x-1. Details can be found in Section 3.1 in Pan and Remmel's link. - Ran Pan, Feb 04 2016
a(n) is the number of North-East lattice paths from (0,0) to (n+2,n+2) that bounce off the diagonal y = x to the right exactly once but do not bounce off y = x to the left. Details can be found in Section 4.2 in Pan and Remmel's link. - Ran Pan, Feb 04 2016
a(n) is the number of North-East lattice paths from (0,0) to (n+2,n+2) that horizontally cross the diagonal y = x exactly once but do not cross the diagonal vertically. Details can be found in Section 4.3 in Pan and Remmel's link. - Ran Pan, Feb 04 2016
Apparently also Young tableaux of (non-partition) shape [n+1, 1, 1, n+1], see example file. - Joerg Arndt, Dec 30 2023

Examples

			From _Peter Bala_, Apr 14 2017: (Start)
This sequence appears on the main diagonal of a generalized Catalan triangle. Construct a lower triangular array (T(n,k)), n,k >= 0 by placing the sequence [0,0,0,1,1,1,1,...] in the first column and then filling in the remaining entries in the array using the rule T(n,k) = T(n,k-1) + T(n-1,k). The resulting array begins
  n\k| 0 1  2  3  4   5   6   7  ...
  ---+-------------------------------
   0 | 0
   1 | 0 0
   2 | 0 0  0
   3 | 1 1  1  1
   4 | 1 2  3  4  4
   5 | 1 3  6 10 14  14
   6 | 1 4 10 20 34  48  48
   7 | 1 5 15 35 69 117 165 165
   ...
(see Tedford 2011; this is essentially the array C_4(n,k) in the notation of Lee and Oh). Compare with A279004. (End)

References

  • Pierre de la Harpe, Topics in Geometric Group Theory, Univ. Chicago Press, 2000, p. 11, coefficients of P_4(z).
  • C. Krishnamachary and M. Bheemasena Rao, Determinants whose elements are Eulerian, prepared Bernoullian and other numbers, J. Indian Math. Soc., Vol. 14 (1922), pp. 55-62, 122-138 and 143-146.
  • Robert Sedgewick and Phillipe Flajolet, Analysis of Algorithms, Addison Wesley, 1996, page 225.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

T(n, n+4) for n=0, 1, 2, ..., array T as in A047072. Also a diagonal of A059365 and of A009766.
Cf. A001003.
A diagonal of any of the essentially equivalent arrays A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.
Cf. A000108, A000245, A000344, A003517, A000588, A003518, A003519, A001392, A001622.
Cf. A145596 (row sums), A279004.

Programs

  • GAP
    List([0..25],n->4*Binomial(2*n+3,n)/(n+4)); # Muniru A Asiru, Mar 05 2018
  • Magma
    [4*Binomial(2*n+3,n)/(n+4): n in [0..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 04 2016
  • Maple
    a := n -> 32*4^n*GAMMA(5/2+n)*(1+n)/(sqrt(Pi)*GAMMA(5+n)):
seq(a(n),n=0..23); # Peter Luschny, Dec 14 2015
A002057List := proc(m) local A, P, n; A := [1]; P := [1,1,1];
for n from 1 to m - 2 do P := ListTools:-PartialSums([op(P), P[-1]]);
A := [op(A), P[-1]] od; A end: A002057List(27); # Peter Luschny, Mar 26 2022
  • Mathematica
    Table[Plus@@Flatten[Nest[ #/.a_Integer:> Range[0, a+1]&, {0}, n]], {n, 0, 10}]
Table[4 Binomial[2n+3,n]/(n+4),{n,0,30}] (* or *) CoefficientList[ Series[ (1-Sqrt[1-4 x]+2 x (-2+Sqrt[1-4 x]+x))/(2 x^4),{x,0,30}],x] (* Harvey P. Dale, May 05 2011 *)
  • PARI
    {a(n) = if( n<0, 0, n+=2; 2*binomial(2*n, n-2) / n)}; /* Michael Somos, Jul 31 2005 */
  • PARI
    x='x+O('x^100); Vec((1-(1-4*x)^(1/2)+2*x*(-2+(1-4*x)^(1/2)+x))/(2*x^4)) \\ Altug Alkan, Dec 14 2015
  • SageMath
    [2*(n+1)*catalan_number(n+2)/(n+4) for n in (0..30)] # G. C. Greubel, May 27 2022

Formula

a(n) = A033184(n+4, 4) = 4*binomial(2*n+3, n)/(n+4) = 2*(n+1)*A000108(n+2)/(n+4).
G.f.: c(x)^4 with c(x) g.f. of A000108 (Catalan).
Row sums of A145596. Column 4 of A033184. By specializing the identities for the row polynomials given in A145596 we obtain the results a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..n} (-1)^k*binomial(n+1,k+1)*a(k)*4^(n-k) and a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..floor(n/2)} binomial(n+1,2*k+1) * Catalan(k+1) * 2^(n-2*k). From the latter identity we can derive the congruences a(2n+1) == 0 (mod 4) and a(2n) == Catalan(n+1) (mod 4). It follows that a(n) is odd if and only if n = (2^m - 4) for some m >= 2. - Peter Bala, Oct 14 2008
Let A be the Toeplitz matrix of order n defined by: A[i,i-1]=-1, A[i,j]=Catalan(j-i), (i<=j), and A[i,j]=0, otherwise. Then, for n>=3, a(n-3) = (-1)^(n-3) * coeff(charpoly(A,x), x^3). - Milan Janjic, Jul 08 2010
G.f.: (1-sqrt(1-4*x) + 2*x*(-2+sqrt(1-4*x) + x))/(2*x^4). - Harvey P. Dale, May 05 2011
a(n+1) = A214292(2*n+4,n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
D-finite with recurrence: (n+4)a(n) = 8*(2*n-1)*a(n-3) - 20*(n+1)*a(n-2) + 4*(2*n+5)*a(n-1). - Fung Lam, Jan 29 2014
D-finite with recurrence: (n+4)*a(n) - 2*(3*n+7)*a(n-1) + 4*(2*n+1)*a(n-2) = 0. - R. J. Mathar, Jun 03 2014
Asymptotics: a(n) ~ 4^(n+3)/sqrt(4*Pi*n^3). - Fung Lam, Mar 31 2014
a(n) = 32*4^n*Gamma(5/2+n)*(1+n)/(sqrt(Pi)*Gamma(5+n)). - Peter Luschny, Dec 14 2015
a(n) = C(n+1) - 2*C(n) where C is Catalan number A000108. Yuchun Ji, Oct 18 2017 [Note: Offset is off by 2]
E.g.f.: d/dx ( 2*exp(2*x)*BesselI(2,2*x)/x ). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Nov 01 2017
From Bradley Klee, Mar 05 2018: (Start)
With F(x) = 16/(1+sqrt(1-4*x))^4 g.f. of A002057, xi(x) = F(x/4)*(x/4)^2, K(16*x) = 2F1(1/2,1/2;1;16*x) g.f. of A002894, q(x) g.f. of A005797, and q'(x) g.f. of A274344:
K(x) = (1+sqrt(xi(x)))*K(xi(x)).
2*K(1-x) = (1+sqrt(xi(x)))*K(1-xi(x)).
q(x) = sqrt(q(xi(16*x)/16)) = q'(xi(16*x)/16)/sqrt(xi(16*x)/16). (End)
From Amiram Eldar, Jan 02 2022: (Start)
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = 5/4 + Pi/(18*sqrt(3)).
Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n/a(n) = 183*log(phi)/(25*sqrt(5)) - 77/100, where phi is the golden ratio (A001622). (End)
a(n) = Integral_{x=0..4} x^n*W(x) dx where W(x) = -x^(3/2)*(1 - x/2)*sqrt(4 - x)/Pi, defined on the open interval (0,4). - Karol A. Penson, Nov 13 2022

A106566 Triangle T(n,k), 0 <= k <= n, read by rows, given by [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ... ] DELTA [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ... ] where DELTA is the operator defined in A084938.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1, 0, 5, 5, 3, 1, 0, 14, 14, 9, 4, 1, 0, 42, 42, 28, 14, 5, 1, 0, 132, 132, 90, 48, 20, 6, 1, 0, 429, 429, 297, 165, 75, 27, 7, 1, 0, 1430, 1430, 1001, 572, 275, 110, 35, 8, 1, 0, 4862, 4862, 3432, 2002, 1001, 429, 154, 44, 9, 1
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Philippe Deléham, May 30 2005

Keywords

Comments

Catalan convolution triangle; g.f. for column k: (x*c(x))^k with c(x) g.f. for A000108 (Catalan numbers).
Riordan array (1, xc(x)), where c(x) the g.f. of A000108; inverse of Riordan array (1, x*(1-x)) (see A109466).
Diagonal sums give A132364. - Philippe Deléham, Nov 11 2007

Examples

			Triangle begins:
  1;
  0,   1;
  0,   1,   1;
  0,   2,   2,  1;
  0,   5,   5,  3,  1;
  0,  14,  14,  9,  4,  1;
  0,  42,  42, 28, 14,  5, 1;
  0, 132, 132, 90, 48, 20, 6, 1;
From _Paul Barry_, Sep 28 2009: (Start)
Production array is
  0, 1,
  0, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 (End)

Links

Crossrefs

Column k for k = 0, 1, 2, ..., 13: A000007, A000108, A000108, A000245, A002057, A000344, A003517, A000588, A003517, A001392, A003518, A000589, A003519, A000590
The three triangles A059365, A106566 and A099039 are the same except for signs and the leading term.
Diagonals: A000012, A001477, A000096, A005586, A005587, A005557, A064059, A064061
See also A009766, A033184, A059365 for other versions.
Generalized Catalan numbers C(x, n) for -11 <= x <= 10: A064333, A064332, A064331, A064330, A064329, A064328, A064327, A064326, A064325, A064311, A064310, A000012, A000108, A064062, A064063, A064087, A064088, A064089, A064090, A064091, A064092, A064093.
The following are all versions of (essentially) the same Catalan triangle: A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.
Diagonals give A000108 A000245 A002057 A000344 A003517 A000588 A003518 A003519 A001392, ...

Programs

  • Magma
    A106566:= func< n,k | n eq 0 select 1 else (k/n)*Binomial(2*n-k-1, n-k) >;
[A106566(n,k): k in [0..n], n in [0..12]]; // G. C. Greubel, Sep 06 2021
  • Maple
    A106566 := proc(n,k)
    if n = 0 then
        1;
    elif k < 0 or k > n then
        0;
    else
        binomial(2*n-k-1,n-k)*k/n ;
    end if;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Mar 01 2015
  • Mathematica
    T[n_, k_] := Binomial[2n-k-1, n-k]*k/n; T[0, 0] = 1; Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 10}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 18 2017 *)
(* The function RiordanArray is defined in A256893. *)
RiordanArray[1&, #(1-Sqrt[1-4#])/(2#)&, 11] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 16 2019 *)
  • PARI
    {T(n, k) = if( k<=0 || k>n, n==0 && k==0, binomial(2*n - k, n) * k/(2*n - k))}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 01 2022 */
  • Sage
    def A106566(n, k): return 1 if (n==0) else (k/n)*binomial(2*n-k-1, n-k)
flatten([[A106566(n,k) for k in (0..n)] for n in (0..12)]) # G. C. Greubel, Sep 06 2021

Formula

T(n, k) = binomial(2n-k-1, n-k)*k/n for 0 <= k <= n with n > 0; T(0, 0) = 1; T(0, k) = 0 if k > 0.
T(0, 0) = 1; T(n, 0) = 0 if n > 0; T(0, k) = 0 if k > 0; for k > 0 and n > 0: T(n, k) = Sum_{j>=0} T(n-1, k-1+j).
Sum_{j>=0} T(n+j, 2j) = binomial(2n-1, n), n > 0.
Sum_{j>=0} T(n+j, 2j+1) = binomial(2n-2, n-1), n > 0.
Sum_{k>=0} (-1)^(n+k)*T(n, k) = A064310(n). T(n, k) = (-1)^(n+k)*A099039(n, k).
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n, k)*x^k = A000007(n), A000108(n), A000984(n), A007854(n), A076035(n), A076036(n), A127628(n), A126694(n), A115970(n) for x = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 respectively.
Sum_{k>=0} T(n, k)*x^(n-k) = C(x, n); C(x, n) are the generalized Catalan numbers.
Sum_{j=0..n-k} T(n+k,2*k+j) = A039599(n,k).
Sum_{j>=0} T(n,j)*binomial(j,k) = A039599(n,k).
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A000108(k) = A127632(n).
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*(x+1)^k*x^(n-k) = A000012(n), A000984(n), A089022(n), A035610(n), A130976(n), A130977(n), A130978(n), A130979(n), A130980(n), A131521(n) for x= 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 respectively. - Philippe Deléham, Aug 25 2007
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A000108(k-1) = A121988(n), with A000108(-1)=0. - Philippe Deléham, Aug 27 2007
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*(-x)^k = A000007(n), A126983(n), A126984(n), A126982(n), A126986(n), A126987(n), A127017(n), A127016(n), A126985(n), A127053(n) for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 respectively. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 27 2007
T(n,k)*2^(n-k) = A110510(n,k); T(n,k)*3^(n-k) = A110518(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 11 2007
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A000045(k) = A109262(n), A000045: Fibonacci numbers. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 28 2008
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A000129(k) = A143464(n), A000129: Pell numbers. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 28 2008
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A100335(k) = A002450(n). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 30 2008
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A100334(k) = A001906(n). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 30 2008
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A099322(k) = A015565(n). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 30 2008
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A106233(k) = A003462(n). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 30 2008
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A151821(k+1) = A100320(n). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 30 2008
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A082505(k+1) = A144706(n). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 30 2008
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A000045(2k+2) = A026671(n). - Philippe Deléham, Feb 11 2009
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A122367(k) = A026726(n). - Philippe Deléham, Feb 11 2009
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A008619(k) = A000958(n+1). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 15 2009
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A027941(k+1) = A026674(n+1). - Philippe Deléham, Feb 01 2014
G.f.: Sum_{n>=0, k>=0} T(n, k)*x^k*z^n = 1/(1 - x*z*c(z)) where c(z) the g.f. of A000108. - Michael Somos, Oct 01 2022

Extensions

Formula corrected by Philippe Deléham, Oct 31 2008
Corrected by Philippe Deléham, Sep 17 2009
Corrected by Alois P. Heinz, Aug 02 2012

A003517 Number of permutations of [n+1] with exactly 1 increasing subsequence of length 3.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 6, 27, 110, 429, 1638, 6188, 23256, 87210, 326876, 1225785, 4601610, 17298645, 65132550, 245642760, 927983760, 3511574910, 13309856820, 50528160150, 192113383644, 731508653106, 2789279908316, 10649977831752, 40715807302800, 155851062397940, 597261490737912
Offset: 2

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

a(n-4) = number of n-th generation vertices in the tree of sequences with unit increase labeled by 5 (cf. Zoran Sunic reference). - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 07 2003
Number of standard tableaux of shape (n+3,n-2). - Emeric Deutsch, May 30 2004
a(n) = A214292(2*n,n-3) for n > 2. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
a(n) is the number of North-East paths from (0,0) to (n,n) that cross the diagonal y = x horizontally exactly once. By symmetry, it is also the number of North-East paths from (0,0) to (n,n) that cross the diagonal y = x vertically exactly once. Details can be found in Section 3.3 in Pan and Remmel's link. - Ran Pan, Feb 02 2016
a(n) is the number of permutations pi of [n+3] such that s(pi)=321456...(n+3), where s denotes West's stack-sorting map. - Colin Defant, Jan 14 2019
a(n) is also the number of permutations of [n+1] avoiding the pattern 321. For permutations avoiding any of the other permutations of [3] (that is, any of 132, 213, 231, or 312) see A002054. - N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 26 2022

Examples

			a(3)=6 because the only permutations of 1234 with exactly 1 increasing subsequence of length 3 are 1423, 4123, 1342, 2314, 2341, 3124.

References

  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

T(n, n+6) for n=0, 1, 2, ..., array T as in A047072.
See also A002054.
Cf. A001089, A084249, A000108, A000245, A002057, A000344, A000588, A003518, A003519, A001392, A001622, A214292.
First differences are in A026017.
A diagonal of any of the essentially equivalent arrays: A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.

Programs

  • Maple
    A003517List := proc(m) local A, P, n; A := [1]; P := [1,1,1,1,1];
for n from 1 to m - 2 do P := ListTools:-PartialSums([op(P), P[-1]]);
A := [op(A), P[-1]] od; A end: A003517List(25); # Peter Luschny, Mar 26 2022
  • Mathematica
    f[x_] = (Sqrt[1 - 4 x] - 1)^6/(64 x^4); CoefficientList[Series[f[x], {x, 0, 25}], x][[3 ;; 26]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 13 2011, after g.f. *)
Table[6 Binomial[2n+1,n-2]/(n+4),{n,2,30}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Feb 27 2012 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=6*binomial(2*n+1,n-2)/(n+4) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, May 18 2015
  • PARI
    x='x+O('x^50); Vec(x^2*((1-(1-4*x)^(1/2))/(2*x))^6) \\ Altug Alkan, Nov 01 2015

Formula

a(n) = 6*binomial(2*n+1, n-2)/(n+4).
G.f.: x^2*C(x)^6, where C(x) is g.f. for the Catalan numbers (A000108). - Emeric Deutsch, May 30 2004
E.g.f.: exp(2*x)*(Bessel_I(2,2*x) - Bessel_I(4,2*x)). - Paul Barry, Jun 04 2007
Let A be the Toeplitz matrix of order n defined by: A[i,i-1]=-1, A[i,j]=Catalan(j-i), (i<=j), and A[i,j]=0, otherwise. Then, for n >= 5, a(n-3) = (-1)^(n-5)*coeff(charpoly(A,x),x^5). - Milan Janjic, Jul 08 2010
a(n) = Sum_{i>=1, j>=1, k>=1, i+j+k=n+1} Catalan(i)*Catalan(j)*Catalan(k). T. D. Noe, Dec 22 2010
D-finite with recurrence -(n+4)*(n-2)*a(n) + 2*n*(2*n+1)*a(n-1) = 0. - R. J. Mathar, Dec 04 2012
From Amiram Eldar, Jan 02 2022: (Start)
Sum_{n>=2} 1/a(n) = 7/2 - 34*Pi/(27*sqrt(3)).
Sum_{n>=2} (-1)^n/a(n) = 828*log(phi)/(25*sqrt(5)) - 2819/450, where phi is the golden ratio (A001622). (End)
a(n) ~ 3*4^(n+1)/(n^(3/2)*sqrt(Pi)). - Stefano Spezia, Apr 17 2024
a(n) = A000108(n+3) - 4*A000108(n+2) + 3*A000108(n+1). - Taras Goy, Jul 15 2024
a(n) = 6*(2*n+1)!*(n-1)!/((2*n-4)!*(n+4)!)*A000108(n-2). - Taras Goy, Dec 21 2024

A000344 a(n) = 5*binomial(2n, n-2)/(n+3).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 5, 20, 75, 275, 1001, 3640, 13260, 48450, 177650, 653752, 2414425, 8947575, 33266625, 124062000, 463991880, 1739969550, 6541168950, 24647883000, 93078189750, 352207870014, 1335293573130, 5071418015120, 19293438101000, 73514652074500, 280531912316292
Offset: 2

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

a(n-3) is the number of n-th generation vertices in the tree of sequences with unit increase labeled by 4 (cf. Zoran Sunic reference). - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 07 2003
Number of lattice paths from (0,0) to (n,n) with steps E=(1,0) and N=(0,1) which touch but do not cross the line x-y=2. Example: For n=3 there are the 5 paths EENENN, EENNEN, EENNNE, ENEENN, NEEENN. - Herbert Kociemba, May 24 2004
Number of standard tableaux of shape (n+2,n-2). - Emeric Deutsch, May 30 2004

Examples

			G.f. = x^2 + 5*x^3 + 20*x^4 + 75*x^5 + 275*x^6 + 1001*x^7 + 3640*x^8 + ...

References

  • C. Krishnamachary and M. Bheemasena Rao, Determinants whose elements are Eulerian, prepared Bernoullian and other numbers, J. Indian Math. Soc., Vol. 14 (1922), pp. 55-62, 122-138 and 143-146.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

T(n, n+5) for n=0, 1, 2, ..., array T as in A047072.
A diagonal of any of the essentially equivalent arrays A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.
Cf. A000108, A000245, A002057, A003517, A000588, A003518, A003519, A001392, A001622.

Programs

  • GAP
    List([2..30],n->5*Binomial(2*n,n-2)/(n+3)); # Muniru A Asiru, Aug 09 2018
  • Magma
    [5*Binomial(2*n,n-2)/(n+3): n in [2..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, May 03 2011
  • Maple
    A000344List := proc(m) local A, P, n; A := [1]; P := [1,1,1,1];
for n from 1 to m - 2 do P := ListTools:-PartialSums([op(P), P[-1]]);
A := [op(A), P[-1]] od; A end: A000344List(27); # Peter Luschny, Mar 26 2022
  • Mathematica
    Table[5 Binomial[2n,n-2]/(n+3),{n,2,40}] (* or *) CoefficientList[Series[ (1-Sqrt[1-4 x]+x (-5+3 Sqrt[1-4 x]-(-5+Sqrt[1-4 x]) x))/(2 x^5), {x,0,38}],x]  (* Harvey P. Dale, May 01 2011 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 0, 0, 5 Binomial[2 n, n - 2] / (n + 3)]; (* Michael Somos, May 28 2014 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=5*binomial(2*n,n-2)/(n+3) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 25 2011

Formula

Integral representation as n-th moment of a function on [0, 4]: a(n) = Integral_{x=0..4} x^n*((1/2)/Pi*x^(3/2)*(x^2-3*x+1)*(4-x)^(1/2)) dx, n >= 0, for which offset=0. - Karol A. Penson, Oct 11 2001
Expansion of x^2*C^5, where C = (1-(1-4*x)^(1/2))/(2*x) is g.f. for Catalan numbers (A000108). - Herbert Kociemba, May 02 2004
Let A be the Toeplitz matrix of order n defined by: A[i,i-1]=-1, A[i,j]=Catalan(j-i), (i<=j), and A[i,j]=0, otherwise. Then, for n>=4, a(n-2)=(-1)^(n-4)*coeff(charpoly(A,x),x^4). - Milan Janjic, Jul 08 2010
a(n) = A000108(n+2) - 3*A000108(n+1)+ A000108(n). - David Scambler, May 20 2012
D-finite with recurrence: (n+3)*(n-2)*a(n) = 2*n*(2n-1)*a(n-1). - R. J. Mathar, Jun 27 2012
a(n) = A214292(2*n-1,n-3) for n > 2. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
0 = a(n)*(-528*a(n+1) + 9162*a(n+2) - 9295*a(n+3) + 1859*a(n+4)) + a(n+1)*(-1650*a(n+1) - 762*a(n+2) + 4188*a(n+3) - 946*a(n+4)) + a(n+2)*(-1050*a(n+2) - 126*a(n+3) + 84*a(n+4)) for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, May 28 2014
0 = a(n)*(a(n)*(+16*a(n+1) + 6*a(n+2)) + a(n+1)*(+66*a(n+1) - 105*a(n+2) + 40*a(n+3)) + a(n+2)*(-69*a(n+2) + 15*a(n+3))) +a(n+1)*(a(n+1)*(50*a(n+1) + 42*a(n+2) - 28*a(n+3)) +a(n+2)*(+12*a(n+2))) for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, May 28 2014
0 = a(n)^2*(-16*a(n+1)^2 - 38*a(n+1)*a(n+2) - 12*a(n+2)^2) + a(n)*a(n+1)*(-66*a(n+1)^2 + 149*a(n+1)*a(n+2) - 23*a(n+2)^2) + a(n+1)^2*(-50*a(n+1)^2 + 2*a(n+2)^2) for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, May 28 2014
From Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jan 22 2017: (Start)
E.g.f.: (x*(2 + x) * BesselI(0, 2*x) - (2+x+x^2) * BesselI(1, 2*x)) * exp(2*x)/x^2.
a(n) ~ 5*4^n/(sqrt(Pi)*n^(3/2)). (End)
a(n) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{i=0..n-2} (-1)^(n+i)*(n-i+1)*binomial(2n+2,i), n >= 2. - Taras Goy, Aug 09 2018
G.f.: x^2* 2F1(5/2,3;6;4*x) . - R. J. Mathar, Jan 27 2020
From Amiram Eldar, Jan 02 2022: (Start)
Sum_{n>=2} 1/a(n) = 14/5 - 38*Pi/(45*sqrt(3)).
Sum_{n>=2} (-1)^n/a(n) = 1956*log(phi)/(125*sqrt(5)) - 316/125, where phi is the golden ratio (A001622). (End)
a(n) = 5*(2*n)!*(n-1)!/((2*n-4)!*(n+3)!)*A000108(n-2). - Taras Goy, Jul 15 2024
a(n) = Sum_{i+j+k+l+m = n-2} C(i)C(j)C(k)C(l)C(m), where C(s) = A000108(s). (Fifth convolution of Catalan numbers). - Taras Goy, Dec 21 2024

A059365 Another version of the Catalan triangle: T(r,s) = binomial(2*r-s-1,r-1) - binomial(2*r-s-1,r), r>=0, 0 <= s <= r.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1, 0, 5, 5, 3, 1, 0, 14, 14, 9, 4, 1, 0, 42, 42, 28, 14, 5, 1, 0, 132, 132, 90, 48, 20, 6, 1, 0, 429, 429, 297, 165, 75, 27, 7, 1, 0, 1430, 1430, 1001, 572, 275, 110, 35, 8, 1, 0, 4862, 4862, 3432, 2002, 1001, 429, 154, 44
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 28 2001

Keywords

Examples

			Triangle starts
  0;
  0,    1;
  0,    1,    1;
  0,    2,    2,    1;
  0,    5,    5,    3,    1;
  0,   14,   14,    9,    4,    1;
  0,   42,   42,   28,   14,    5,   1;
  0,  132,  132,   90,   48,   20,   6,   1;
  0,  429,  429,  297,  165,   75,  27,   7,  1;
  0, 1430, 1430, 1001,  572,  275, 110,  35,  8, 1;
  0, 4862, 4862, 3432, 2002, 1001, 429, 154, 44, 9, 1;
  ...

Links

Crossrefs

See also the triangle in A009766. First 2 diagonals both give A000108, next give A000245, A002057.
Cf. A009766, A000007, A084938, A000108.
The three triangles A059365, A106566 and A099039 are the same except for signs and the leading term.
Essentially the same as A033184.
The following are all versions of (essentially) the same Catalan triangle: A009766, A030237, A033184, A053121, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072, A171567, A181645.
Diagonals give A000108, A000245, A002057, A000344, A003517, A000588, A003518, A003519, A001392, ...

Programs

  • Magma
    /* as triangle */ [[[0] cat [Binomial(2*r-s-1, r-1)- Binomial(2*r-s-1, r): s in [1..r]]: r in [0..10]]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jan 09 2017
  • Mathematica
    Table[Binomial[2*r - s - 1, r - 1] - Binomial[2*r - s - 1, r], {r, 0, 10}, {s, 0, r}] // Flatten (* G. C. Greubel, Jan 08 2017 *)
  • PARI
    tabl(nn) = { print(0); for (r=1, nn, for (s=0, r, print1(binomial(2*r-s-1,r-1)-binomial(2*r-s-1,r), ", ");); print(););}  \\ Michel Marcus, Nov 01 2013

Formula

Essentially the same triangle as [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...] DELTA A000007, where DELTA is Deléham's operator defined in A084938, but the first term is T(0,0) = 0.

A000588 a(n) = 7*binomial(2n,n-3)/(n+4).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 0, 1, 7, 35, 154, 637, 2548, 9996, 38760, 149226, 572033, 2187185, 8351070, 31865925, 121580760, 463991880, 1771605360, 6768687870, 25880277150, 99035193894, 379300783092, 1453986335186, 5578559816632, 21422369201800, 82336410323440, 316729578421620
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

a(n-5) is the number of n-th generation vertices in the tree of sequences with unit increase labeled by 6 (cf. Zoran Sunic reference). - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 07 2003
Number of lattice paths from (0,0) to (n,n) with steps E=(1,0) and N=(0,1) which touch but do not cross the line x-y=3. Example: For n=3 there is only one path EEENNN. - Herbert Kociemba, May 24 2004
Number of standard tableaux of shape (n+3,n-3). - Emeric Deutsch, May 30 2004

Examples

			G.f. = x^3 + 7*x^4 + 35*x^5 + 154*x^6 + 637*x^7 + 2548*x^8 + 9996*x^9 + ...

References

  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

First differences are in A026014.
A diagonal of any of the essentially equivalent arrays A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.
Cf. A000108, A000245, A002057, A000344, A003517, A003518, A003519, A001392, A001622.

Programs

  • Mathematica
    a[n_] := 7*Binomial[2n, n-3]/(n + 4); Table[a[n],{n,0,27}] (* James C. McMahon, Dec 05 2023 *)
  • PARI
    A000588(n)=7*binomial(2*n,n-3)/(n+4) \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 25 2012
  • PARI
    my(x='x+O('x^50)); concat([0, 0, 0], Vec(x^3*((1-(1-4*x)^(1/2))/(2*x))^7)) \\ Altug Alkan, Nov 01 2015

Formula

Expansion of x^3*C^7, where C = (1-(1-4*x)^(1/2))/(2*x) is the g.f. for the Catalan numbers, A000108. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 03 2004
Let A be the Toeplitz matrix of order n defined by: A[i,i-1]=-1, A[i,j]=Catalan(j-i), (i<=j), and A[i,j]=0, otherwise. Then, for n>=6, a(n-3)=(-1)^(n-6)*coeff(charpoly(A,x),x^6). - Milan Janjic, Jul 08 2010
a(n) = A214292(2*n-1,n-4) for n > 3. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
From Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jan 22 2017: (Start)
E.g.f.: (1/6)*x^3*1F1(7/2; 8; 4*x).
a(n) ~ 7*4^n/(sqrt(Pi)*n^(3/2)). (End)
0 = a(n)*(+1456*a(n+1) - 87310*a(n+2) + 132834*a(n+3) - 68068*a(n+4) + 9724*a(n+5)) + a(n+1)*(+8918*a(n+1) - 39623*a(n+2) + 51726*a(n+3) - 299*a(n+4) - 1573*a(n+5)) + a(n+2)*(-24696*a(n+2) - 1512*a(n+3) + 1008*a(n+4)) for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, Jan 22 2017
From Amiram Eldar, Jan 02 2022: (Start)
Sum_{n>=3} 1/a(n) = 27/14 - 26*Pi/(63*sqrt(3)).
Sum_{n>=3} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = 11364*log(phi)/(175*sqrt(5)) - 4583/350, where phi is the golden ratio (A001622). (End)
a(n) = Integral_{x=0..4} x^(n)*W(x)dx, n>=0, where W(x) = sqrt(4/x - 1)*(x^3 - 5*x^2 + 6*x - 1)/(2*Pi). The function W(x) for x->0 tends to -infinity (which is its absolute minimum), and W(4) = 0. W(x) is a signed function on the interval x = (0, 4) where it has two maxima separated by one local minimum. - Karol A. Penson, Jun 17 2024
D-finite with recurrence -(n+4)*(n-3)*a(n) +2*n*(2*n-1)*a(n-1)=0. - R. J. Mathar, Jul 30 2024
a(n) = A000108(n+3) - 5*A000108(n+2) + 6*A000108(n+1) - A000108(n). - Taras Goy, Dec 21 2024

Extensions

More terms from N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 13 2010
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Started in 1964 by Neil J. A. Sloane | Maintained by The OEIS Foundation Inc.

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