cp's OEIS Frontend

This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

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A185168 G.f. A(x) where A000081(x) = x*A(A000081(x)).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 0, 0, -1, 3, -5, 7, -8, 1, 24, -62, 82, -60, 52, -242, 877, -1979, 2747, -924, -7309, 28389, -79469, 205108, -468281, 821680, -772531, -1046280, 6962678, -19516746, 39741239, -63920180, 75119743, -21689924, -219360085, 866264658, -2165202646, 4125523796, -6023253532
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Vladimir Kruchinin, Feb 19 2011

Keywords

Links

Programs

  • Mathematica
    m = maxExponent = 31;
A81[] = 0; Do[A81[x] = x*Exp[Sum[A81[x^k]/k, {k, 1, m}] + O[x]^m] // Normal, {m}];
A[x_] = Sum[a[k] x^k, {k, 0, m}];
cc = CoefficientList[A81[x] - x A[A81[x]] + O[x]^m, x];
Table[a[n], {n, 0, m-2}] /. Solve[Thread[cc == 0]] // First (* Jean-François Alcover, Aug 08 2018 *)

A000108 Catalan numbers: C(n) = binomial(2n,n)/(n+1) = (2n)!/(n!(n+1)!).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, 132, 429, 1430, 4862, 16796, 58786, 208012, 742900, 2674440, 9694845, 35357670, 129644790, 477638700, 1767263190, 6564120420, 24466267020, 91482563640, 343059613650, 1289904147324, 4861946401452, 18367353072152, 69533550916004, 263747951750360, 1002242216651368, 3814986502092304
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

These were formerly sometimes called Segner numbers.
A very large number of combinatorial interpretations are known - see references, esp. R. P. Stanley, "Catalan Numbers", Cambridge University Press, 2015. This is probably the longest entry in the OEIS, and rightly so.
The solution to Schröder's first problem: number of ways to insert n pairs of parentheses in a word of n+1 letters. E.g., for n=2 there are 2 ways: ((ab)c) or (a(bc)); for n=3 there are 5 ways: ((ab)(cd)), (((ab)c)d), ((a(bc))d), (a((bc)d)), (a(b(cd))).
Consider all the binomial(2n,n) paths on squared paper that (i) start at (0, 0), (ii) end at (2n, 0) and (iii) at each step, either make a (+1,+1) step or a (+1,-1) step. Then the number of such paths that never go below the x-axis (Dyck paths) is C(n). [Chung-Feller]
Number of noncrossing partitions of the n-set. For example, of the 15 set partitions of the 4-set, only [{13},{24}] is crossing, so there are a(4)=14 noncrossing partitions of 4 elements. - Joerg Arndt, Jul 11 2011
Noncrossing partitions are partitions of genus 0. - Robert Coquereaux, Feb 13 2024
a(n-1) is the number of ways of expressing an n-cycle (123...n) in the symmetric group S_n as a product of n-1 transpositions (u_1,v_1)*(u_2,v_2)*...*(u_{n-1},v_{n-1}) where u_iA000272. - Joerg Arndt and Greg Stevenson, Jul 11 2011
a(n) is the number of ordered rooted trees with n nodes, not including the root. See the Conway-Guy reference where these rooted ordered trees are called plane bushes. See also the Bergeron et al. reference, Example 4, p. 167. - Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 07 2007
As shown in the paper from Beineke and Pippert (1971), a(n-2)=D(n) is the number of labeled dissections of a disk, related to the number R(n)=A001761(n-2) of labeled planar 2-trees having n vertices and rooted at a given exterior edge, by the formula D(n)=R(n)/(n-2)!. - M. F. Hasler, Feb 22 2012
Shifts one place left when convolved with itself.
For n >= 1, a(n) is also the number of rooted bicolored unicellular maps of genus 0 on n edges. - Ahmed Fares (ahmedfares(AT)my-deja.com), Aug 15 2001
Number of ways of joining 2n points on a circle to form n nonintersecting chords. (If no such restriction imposed, then the number of ways of forming n chords is given by (2n-1)!! = (2n)!/(n!*2^n) = A001147(n).)
Arises in Schubert calculus - see Sottile reference.
Inverse Euler transform of sequence is A022553.
With interpolated zeros, the inverse binomial transform of the Motzkin numbers A001006. - Paul Barry, Jul 18 2003
The Hankel transforms of this sequence or of this sequence with the first term omitted give A000012 = 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...; example: Det([1, 1, 2, 5; 1, 2, 5, 14; 2, 5, 14, 42; 5, 14, 42, 132]) = 1 and Det([1, 2, 5, 14; 2, 5, 14, 42; 5, 14, 42, 132; 14, 42, 132, 429]) = 1. - Philippe Deléham, Mar 04 2004
a(n) equals the sum of squares of terms in row n of triangle A053121, which is formed from successive self-convolutions of the Catalan sequence. - Paul D. Hanna, Apr 23 2005
Also coefficients of the Mandelbrot polynomial M iterated an infinite number of times. Examples: M(0) = 0 = 0*c^0 = [0], M(1) = c = c^1 + 0*c^0 = [1 0], M(2) = c^2 + c = c^2 + c^1 + 0*c^0 = [1 1 0], M(3) = (c^2 + c)^2 + c = [0 1 1 2 1], ... ... M(5) = [0 1 1 2 5 14 26 44 69 94 114 116 94 60 28 8 1], ... - Donald D. Cross (cosinekitty(AT)hotmail.com), Feb 04 2005
The multiplicity with which a prime p divides C_n can be determined by first expressing n+1 in base p. For p=2, the multiplicity is the number of 1 digits minus 1. For p an odd prime, count all digits greater than (p+1)/2; also count digits equal to (p+1)/2 unless final; and count digits equal to (p-1)/2 if not final and the next digit is counted. For example, n=62, n+1 = 223_5, so C_62 is not divisible by 5. n=63, n+1 = 224_5, so 5^3 | C_63. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Feb 08 2006
Koshy and Salmassi give an elementary proof that the only prime Catalan numbers are a(2) = 2 and a(3) = 5. Is the only semiprime Catalan number a(4) = 14? - Jonathan Vos Post, Mar 06 2006
The answer is yes. Using the formula C_n = binomial(2n,n)/(n+1), it is immediately clear that C_n can have no prime factor greater than 2n. For n >= 7, C_n > (2n)^2, so it cannot be a semiprime. Given that the Catalan numbers grow exponentially, the above consideration implies that the number of prime divisors of C_n, counted with multiplicity, must grow without limit. The number of distinct prime divisors must also grow without limit, but this is more difficult. Any prime between n+1 and 2n (exclusive) must divide C_n. That the number of such primes grows without limit follows from the prime number theorem. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Apr 14 2006
The number of ways to place n indistinguishable balls in n numbered boxes B1,...,Bn such that at most a total of k balls are placed in boxes B1,...,Bk for k=1,...,n. For example, a(3)=5 since there are 5 ways to distribute 3 balls among 3 boxes such that (i) box 1 gets at most 1 ball and (ii) box 1 and box 2 together get at most 2 balls:(O)(O)(O), (O)()(OO), ()(OO)(O), ()(O)(OO), ()()(OOO). - Dennis P. Walsh, Dec 04 2006
a(n) is also the order of the semigroup of order-decreasing and order-preserving full transformations (of an n-element chain) - now known as the Catalan monoid. - Abdullahi Umar, Aug 25 2008
a(n) is the number of trivial representations in the direct product of 2n spinor (the smallest) representations of the group SU(2) (A(1)). - Rutger Boels (boels(AT)nbi.dk), Aug 26 2008
The invert transform appears to converge to the Catalan numbers when applied infinitely many times to any starting sequence. - Mats Granvik, Gary W. Adamson and Roger L. Bagula, Sep 09 2008, Sep 12 2008
Limit_{n->oo} a(n)/a(n-1) = 4. - Francesco Antoni (francesco_antoni(AT)yahoo.com), Nov 24 2008
Starting with offset 1 = row sums of triangle A154559. - Gary W. Adamson, Jan 11 2009
C(n) is the degree of the Grassmannian G(1,n+1): the set of lines in (n+1)-dimensional projective space, or the set of planes through the origin in (n+2)-dimensional affine space. The Grassmannian is considered a subset of N-dimensional projective space, N = binomial(n+2,2) - 1. If we choose 2n general (n-1)-planes in projective (n+1)-space, then there are C(n) lines that meet all of them. - Benji Fisher (benji(AT)FisherFam.org), Mar 05 2009
Starting with offset 1 = A068875: (1, 2, 4, 10, 18, 84, ...) convolved with Fine numbers, A000957: (1, 0, 1, 2, 6, 18, ...). a(6) = 132 = (1, 2, 4, 10, 28, 84) dot (18, 6, 2, 1, 0, 1) = (18 + 12 + 8 + 10 + 0 + 84) = 132. - Gary W. Adamson, May 01 2009
Convolved with A032443: (1, 3, 11, 42, 163, ...) = powers of 4, A000302: (1, 4, 16, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, May 15 2009
Sum_{k>=1} C(k-1)/2^(2k-1) = 1. The k-th term in the summation is the probability that a random walk on the integers (beginning at the origin) will arrive at positive one (for the first time) in exactly (2k-1) steps. - Geoffrey Critzer, Sep 12 2009
C(p+q)-C(p)*C(q) = Sum_{i=0..p-1, j=0..q-1} C(i)*C(j)*C(p+q-i-j-1). - Groux Roland, Nov 13 2009
Leonhard Euler used the formula C(n) = Product_{i=3..n} (4*i-10)/(i-1) in his 'Betrachtungen, auf wie vielerley Arten ein gegebenes polygonum durch Diagonallinien in triangula zerschnitten werden könne' and computes by recursion C(n+2) for n = 1..8. (Berlin, 4th September 1751, in a letter to Goldbach.) - Peter Luschny, Mar 13 2010
Let A179277 = A(x). Then C(x) is satisfied by A(x)/A(x^2). - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 07 2010
a(n) is also the number of quivers in the mutation class of type B_n or of type C_n. - Christian Stump, Nov 02 2010
From Matthew Vandermast, Nov 22 2010: (Start)
Consider a set of A000217(n) balls of n colors in which, for each integer k = 1 to n, exactly one color appears in the set a total of k times. (Each ball has exactly one color and is indistinguishable from other balls of the same color.) a(n+1) equals the number of ways to choose 0 or more balls of each color while satisfying the following conditions: 1. No two colors are chosen the same positive number of times. 2. For any two colors (c, d) that are chosen at least once, color c is chosen more times than color d iff color c appears more times in the original set than color d.
If the second requirement is lifted, the number of acceptable ways equals A000110(n+1). See related comments for A016098, A085082. (End)
Deutsch and Sagan prove the Catalan number C_n is odd if and only if n = 2^a - 1 for some nonnegative integer a. Lin proves for every odd Catalan number C_n, we have C_n == 1 (mod 4). - Jonathan Vos Post, Dec 09 2010
a(n) is the number of functions f:{1,2,...,n}->{1,2,...,n} such that f(1)=1 and for all n >= 1 f(n+1) <= f(n)+1. For a nice bijection between this set of functions and the set of length 2n Dyck words, see page 333 of the Fxtbook (see link below). - Geoffrey Critzer, Dec 16 2010
Postnikov (2005) defines "generalized Catalan numbers" associated with buildings (e.g., Catalan numbers of Type B, see A000984). - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 10 2011
Number of permutations in S(n) for which length equals depth. - Bridget Tenner, Feb 22 2012
a(n) is also the number of standard Young tableau of shape (n,n). - Thotsaporn Thanatipanonda, Feb 25 2012
a(n) is the number of binary sequences of length 2n+1 in which the number of ones first exceed the number of zeros at entry 2n+1. See the example below in the example section. - Dennis P. Walsh, Apr 11 2012
Number of binary necklaces of length 2*n+1 containing n 1's (or, by symmetry, 0's). All these are Lyndon words and their representatives (as cyclic maxima) are the binary Dyck words. - Joerg Arndt, Nov 12 2012
Number of sequences consisting of n 'x' letters and n 'y' letters such that (counting from the left) the 'x' count >= 'y' count. For example, for n=3 we have xxxyyy, xxyxyy, xxyyxy, xyxxyy and xyxyxy. - Jon Perry, Nov 16 2012
a(n) is the number of Motzkin paths of length n-1 in which the (1,0)-steps come in 2 colors. Example: a(4)=14 because, denoting U=(1,1), H=(1,0), and D=(1,-1), we have 8 paths of shape HHH, 2 paths of shape UHD, 2 paths of shape UDH, and 2 paths of shape HUD. - José Luis Ramírez Ramírez, Jan 16 2013
If p is an odd prime, then (-1)^((p-1)/2)*a((p-1)/2) mod p = 2. - Gary Detlefs, Feb 20 2013
Conjecture: For any positive integer n, the polynomial Sum_{k=0..n} a(k)*x^k is irreducible over the field of rational numbers. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Mar 23 2013
a(n) is the size of the Jones monoid on 2n points (cf. A225798). - James Mitchell, Jul 28 2013
For 0 < p < 1, define f(p) = Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*(p*(1-p))^n, then f(p) = min{1/p, 1/(1-p)}, so f(p) reaches its maximum value 2 at p = 0.5, and p*f(p) is constant 1 for 0.5 <= p < 1. - Bob Selcoe, Nov 16 2013 [Corrected by Jianing Song, May 21 2021]
No a(n) has the form x^m with m > 1 and x > 1. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Dec 02 2013
From Alexander Adamchuk, Dec 27 2013: (Start)
Prime p divides a((p+1)/2) for p > 3. See A120303(n) = Largest prime factor of Catalan number.
Reciprocal Catalan Constant C = 1 + 4*sqrt(3)*Pi/27 = 1.80613.. = A121839.
Log(Phi) = (125*C - 55) / (24*sqrt(5)), where C = Sum_{k>=1} (-1)^(k+1)*1/a(k). See A002390 = Decimal expansion of natural logarithm of golden ratio.
3-d analog of the Catalan numbers: (3n)!/(n!(n+1)!(n+2)!) = A161581(n) = A006480(n) / ((n+1)^2*(n+2)), where A006480(n) = (3n)!/(n!)^3 De Bruijn's S(3,n). (End)
For a relation to the inviscid Burgers's, or Hopf, equation, see A001764. - Tom Copeland, Feb 15 2014
From Fung Lam, May 01 2014: (Start)
One class of generalized Catalan numbers can be defined by g.f. A(x) = (1-sqrt(1-q*4*x*(1-(q-1)*x)))/(2*q*x) with nonzero parameter q. Recurrence: (n+3)*a(n+2) -2*q*(2*n+3)*a(n+1) +4*q*(q-1)*n*a(n) = 0 with a(0)=1, a(1)=1.
Asymptotic approximation for q >= 1: a(n) ~ (2*q+2*sqrt(q))^n*sqrt(2*q*(1+sqrt(q))) /sqrt(4*q^2*Pi*n^3).
For q <= -1, the g.f. defines signed sequences with asymptotic approximation: a(n) ~ Re(sqrt(2*q*(1+sqrt(q)))*(2*q+2*sqrt(q))^n) / sqrt(q^2*Pi*n^3), where Re denotes the real part. Due to Stokes' phenomena, accuracy of the asymptotic approximation deteriorates at/near certain values of n.
Special cases are A000108 (q=1), A068764 to A068772 (q=2 to 10), A240880 (q=-3).
(End)
Number of sequences [s(0), s(1), ..., s(n)] with s(n)=0, Sum_{j=0..n} s(j) = n, and Sum_{j=0..k} s(j)-1 >= 0 for k < n-1 (and necessarily Sum_{j=0..n-1} s(j)-1 = 0). These are the branching sequences of the (ordered) trees with n non-root nodes, see example. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 30 2014
Number of stack-sortable permutations of [n], these are the 231-avoiding permutations; see the Bousquet-Mélou reference. - Joerg Arndt, Jul 01 2014
a(n) is the number of increasing strict binary trees with 2n-1 nodes that avoid 132. For more information about increasing strict binary trees with an associated permutation, see A245894. - Manda Riehl, Aug 07 2014
In a one-dimensional medium with elastic scattering (zig-zag walk), first recurrence after 2n+1 scattering events has the probability C(n)/2^(2n+1). - Joachim Wuttke, Sep 11 2014
The o.g.f. C(x) = (1 - sqrt(1-4x))/2, for the Catalan numbers, with comp. inverse Cinv(x) = x*(1-x) and the functions P(x) = x / (1 + t*x) and its inverse Pinv(x,t) = -P(-x,t) = x / (1 - t*x) form a group under composition that generates or interpolates among many classic arrays, such as the Motzkin (Riordan, A005043), Fibonacci (A000045), and Fine (A000957) numbers and polynomials (A030528), and enumerating arrays for Motzkin, Dyck, and Łukasiewicz lattice paths and different types of trees and non-crossing partitions (A091867, connected to sums of the refined Narayana numbers A134264). - Tom Copeland, Nov 04 2014
Conjecture: All the rational numbers Sum_{i=j..k} 1/a(i) with 0 < min{2,k} <= j <= k have pairwise distinct fractional parts. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Sep 24 2015
The Catalan number series A000108(n+3), offset n=0, gives Hankel transform revealing the square pyramidal numbers starting at 5, A000330(n+2), offset n=0 (empirical observation). - Tony Foster III, Sep 05 2016
Hankel transforms of the Catalan numbers with the first 2, 4, and 5 terms omitted give A001477, A006858, and A091962, respectively, without the first 2 terms in all cases. More generally, the Hankel transform of the Catalan numbers with the first k terms omitted is H_k(n) = Product_{j=1..k-1} Product_{i=1..j} (2*n+j+i)/(j+i) [see Cigler (2011), Eq. (1.14) and references therein]; together they form the array A078920/A123352/A368025. - Andrey Zabolotskiy, Oct 13 2016
Presumably this satisfies Benford's law, although the results in Hürlimann (2009) do not make this clear. See S. J. Miller, ed., 2015, p. 5. - N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 09 2017
Coefficients of the generating series associated to the Magmatic and Dendriform operadic algebras. Cf. p. 422 and 435 of the Loday et al. paper. - Tom Copeland, Jul 08 2018
Let M_n be the n X n matrix with M_n(i,j) = binomial(i+j-1,2j-2); then det(M_n) = a(n). - Tony Foster III, Aug 30 2018
Also the number of Catalan trees, or planted plane trees (Bona, 2015, p. 299, Theorem 4.6.3). - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 25 2018
Number of coalescent histories for a caterpillar species tree and a matching caterpillar gene tree with n+1 leaves (Rosenberg 2007, Corollary 3.5). - Noah A Rosenberg, Jan 28 2019
Finding solutions of eps*x^2+x-1 = 0 for eps small, that is, writing x = Sum_{n>=0} x_{n}*eps^n and expanding, one finds x = 1 - eps + 2*eps^2 - 5*eps^3 + 14*eps^3 - 42*eps^4 + ... with x_{n} = (-1)^n*C(n). Further, letting x = 1/y and expanding y about 0 to find large roots, that is, y = Sum_{n>=1} y_{n}*eps^n, one finds y = 0 - eps + eps^2 - 2*eps^3 + 5*eps^3 - ... with y_{n} = (-1)^n*C(n-1). - Derek Orr, Mar 15 2019
Permutations of length n that produce a bipartite permutation graph of order n [see Knuth (1973), Busch (2006), Golumbic and Trenk (2004)]. - Elise Anderson, R. M. Argus, Caitlin Owens, Tessa Stevens, Jun 27 2019
For n > 0, a random selection of n + 1 objects (the minimum number ensuring one pair by the pigeonhole principle) from n distinct pairs of indistinguishable objects contains only one pair with probability 2^(n-1)/a(n) = b(n-1)/A098597(n), where b is the 0-offset sequence with the terms of A120777 repeated (1,1,4,4,8,8,64,64,128,128,...). E.g., randomly selecting 6 socks from 5 pairs that are black, blue, brown, green, and white, results in only one pair of the same color with probability 2^(5-1)/a(5) = 16/42 = 8/21 = b(4)/A098597(5). - Rick L. Shepherd, Sep 02 2019
See Haran & Tabachnikov link for a video discussing Conway-Coxeter friezes. The Conway-Coxeter friezes with n nontrivial rows are generated by the counts of triangles at each vertex in the triangulations of regular n-gons, of which there are a(n). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 28 2019
For connections to knot theory and scattering amplitudes from Feynman diagrams, see Broadhurst and Kreimer, and Todorov. Eqn. 6.12 on p. 130 of Bessis et al. becomes, after scaling, -12g * r_0(-y/(12g)) = (1-sqrt(1-4y))/2, the o.g.f. (expressed as a Taylor series in Eqn. 7.22 in 12gx) given for the Catalan numbers in Copeland's (Sep 30 2011) formula below. (See also Mizera p. 34, Balduf pp. 79-80, Keitel and Bartosch.) - Tom Copeland, Nov 17 2019
Number of permutations in S_n whose principal order ideals in the weak order are modular lattices. - Bridget Tenner, Jan 16 2020
Number of permutations in S_n whose principal order ideals in the weak order are distributive lattices. - Bridget Tenner, Jan 16 2020
Legendre gives the following formula for computing the square root modulo 2^m:
sqrt(1 + 8*a) mod 2^m = (1 + 4*a*Sum_{i=0..m-4} C(i)*(-2*a)^i) mod 2^m
as cited by L. D. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers, Vol. 1, 207-208. - Peter Schorn, Feb 11 2020
a(n) is the number of length n permutations sorted to the identity by a consecutive-132-avoiding stack followed by a classical-21-avoiding stack. - Kai Zheng, Aug 28 2020
Number of non-crossing partitions of a 2*n-set with n blocks of size 2. Also number of non-crossing partitions of a 2*n-set with n+1 blocks of size at most 3, and without cyclical adjacencies. The two partitions can be mapped by rotated Kreweras bijection. - Yuchun Ji, Jan 18 2021
Named by Riordan (1968, and earlier in Mathematical Reviews, 1948 and 1964) after the French and Belgian mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan (1814-1894) (see Pak, 2014). - Amiram Eldar, Apr 15 2021
For n >= 1, a(n-1) is the number of interpretations of x^n is an algebra where power-associativity is not assumed. For example, for n = 4 there are a(3) = 5 interpretations: x(x(xx)), x((xx)x), (xx)(xx), (x(xx))x, ((xx)x)x. See the link "Non-associate powers and a functional equation" from I. M. H. Etherington and the page "Nonassociative Product" from Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics for detailed information. See also A001190 for the case where multiplication is commutative. - Jianing Song, Apr 29 2022
Number of states in the transition diagram associated with the Laplacian system over the complete graph K_N, corresponding to ordered initial conditions x_1 < x_2 < ... < x_N. - Andrea Arlette España, Nov 06 2022
a(n) is the number of 132-avoiding stabilized-interval-free permutations of size n+1. - Juan B. Gil, Jun 22 2023
Number of rooted polyominoes composed of n triangular cells of the hyperbolic regular tiling with Schläfli symbol {3,oo}. A rooted polyomino has one external edge identified, and chiral pairs are counted as two. A stereographic projection of the {3,oo} tiling on the Poincaré disk can be obtained via the Christensson link. - Robert A. Russell, Jan 27 2024
a(n) is the number of extremely lucky Stirling permutations of order n; i.e., the number of Stirling permutations of order n that have exactly n lucky cars. (see Colmenarejo et al. reference) - Bridget Tenner, Apr 16 2024

Examples

			From _Joerg Arndt_ and Greg Stevenson, Jul 11 2011: (Start)
The following products of 3 transpositions lead to a 4-cycle in S_4:
(1,2)*(1,3)*(1,4);
(1,2)*(1,4)*(3,4);
(1,3)*(1,4)*(2,3);
(1,4)*(2,3)*(2,4);
(1,4)*(2,4)*(3,4). (End)
G.f. = 1 + x + 2*x^2 + 5*x^3 + 14*x^4 + 42*x^5 + 132*x^6 + 429*x^7 + ...
For n=3, a(3)=5 since there are exactly 5 binary sequences of length 7 in which the number of ones first exceed the number of zeros at entry 7, namely, 0001111, 0010111, 0011011, 0100111, and 0101011. - _Dennis P. Walsh_, Apr 11 2012
From _Joerg Arndt_, Jun 30 2014: (Start)
The a(4) = 14 branching sequences of the (ordered) trees with 4 non-root nodes are (dots denote zeros):
01:  [ 1 1 1 1 . ]
02:  [ 1 1 2 . . ]
03:  [ 1 2 . 1 . ]
04:  [ 1 2 1 . . ]
05:  [ 1 3 . . . ]
06:  [ 2 . 1 1 . ]
07:  [ 2 . 2 . . ]
08:  [ 2 1 . 1 . ]
09:  [ 2 1 1 . . ]
10:  [ 2 2 . . . ]
11:  [ 3 . . 1 . ]
12:  [ 3 . 1 . . ]
13:  [ 3 1 . . . ]
14:  [ 4 . . . . ]
(End)

References

  • The large number of references and links demonstrates the ubiquity of the Catalan numbers.
  • R. Alter, Some remarks and results on Catalan numbers, pp. 109-132 in Proceedings of the Louisiana Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computer Science. Vol. 2, edited R. C. Mullin et al., 1971.
  • Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, many references.
  • L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 53.
  • J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995, ch. 4, pp. 96-106.
  • S. J. Cyvin and I. Gutman, Kekulé structures in benzenoid hydrocarbons, Lecture Notes in Chemistry, No. 46, Springer, New York, 1988 (see pp. 183, 196, etc.).
  • Michael Dairyko, Samantha Tyner, Lara Pudwell, and Casey Wynn, Non-contiguous pattern avoidance in binary trees. Electron. J. Combin. 19 (2012), no. 3, Paper 22, 21 pp. MR2967227.
  • E. Deutsch, Dyck path enumeration, Discrete Math., 204, 167-202, 1999.
  • E. Deutsch and L. Shapiro, Seventeen Catalan identities, Bulletin of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications, 31, 31-38, 2001.
  • L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers. Carnegie Institute Public. 256, Washington, DC, Vol. 1, 1919; Vol. 2, 1920; Vol. 3, 1923, see vol. 1, 207-208.
  • Tomislav Doslic and Darko Veljan, Logarithmic behavior of some combinatorial sequences. Discrete Math. 308 (2008), no. 11, 2182-2212. MR2404544 (2009j:05019)
  • S. Dulucq and J.-G. Penaud, Cordes, arbres et permutations. Discrete Math. 117 (1993), no. 1-3, 89-105.
  • A. Errera, Analysis situs - Un problème d'énumération, Mémoires Acad. Bruxelles, Classe des sciences, Série 2, Vol. XI, Fasc. 6, No. 1421 (1931), 26 pp.
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Links

Crossrefs

Cf. A000142, A000245, A000344, A000588, A000957, A000984, A001392, A001453, A001791, A002057, A002420, A003046, A003517, A003518, A003519, A006480, A008276, A008549, A014137, A014138, A014140, A022553 (inv. Eul. trans.), A024492, A032357, A032443, A039599, A048990, A059288, A068875, A069640, A086117, A088327 (Eul. trans.), A094216, A094638, A094639, A098597, A099731, A119822, A120304, A124926, A129763, A137697, A154559, A161581, A167892, A167893, A179277, A211611, A275431 (multisets).
A row of A060854.
See A001003, A001190, A001699, A000081 for other ways to count parentheses.
Enumerates objects encoded by A014486.
A diagonal of any of the essentially equivalent arrays A009766, A030237, A033184, A059365, A099039, A106566, A130020, A047072.
Cf. A051168 (diagonal of the square array described).
Cf. A033552, A176137 (partitions into Catalan numbers).
Cf. A000753, A000736 (Boustrophedon transforms).
Cf. A120303 (largest prime factor of Catalan number).
Cf. A121839 (reciprocal Catalan constant), A268813.
Cf. A038003, A119861, A119908, A120274, A120275 (odd Catalan number).
Cf. A002390 (decimal expansion of natural logarithm of golden ratio).
Coefficients of square root of the g.f. are A001795/A046161.
For a(n) mod 6 see A259667.
For a(n) in base 2 see A264663.
Hankel transforms with first terms omitted: A001477, A006858, A091962, A078920, A123352, A368025.
Cf. A001147, A163960.
Cf. A332602 (conjectured production matrix).
Polyominoes: A001683(n+2) (oriented), A000207 (unoriented), A369314 (chiral), A208355(n-1) (achiral), A001764 {4,oo}.

Programs

  • GAP
    A000108:=List([0..30],n->Binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1)); # Muniru A Asiru, Feb 17 2018
  • Haskell
    import Data.List (genericIndex)
a000108 n = genericIndex a000108_list n
a000108_list = 1 : catalan [1] where
   catalan cs = c : catalan (c:cs) where
      c = sum $ zipWith (*) cs $ reverse cs
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 12 2011
a000108 = map last $ iterate (scanl1 (+) . (++ [0])) [1]
-- David Spies, Aug 23 2015
  • Magma
    C:= func< n | Binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1) >; [ C(n) : n in [0..60]];
  • Magma
    [Catalan(n): n in [0..40]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Apr 02 2011
  • Maple
    A000108 := n->binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1);
G000108 := (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x)) / (2*x);
spec := [ A, {A=Prod(Z,Sequence(A))}, unlabeled ]: [ seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n+1), n=0..42) ];
with(combstruct): bin := {B=Union(Z,Prod(B,B))}: seq(count([B,bin,unlabeled],size=n+1), n=0..25); # Zerinvary Lajos, Dec 05 2007
gser := series(G000108, x=0, 42): seq(coeff(gser, x, n), n=0..41); # Zerinvary Lajos, May 21 2008
seq((2*n)!*coeff(series(hypergeom([],[2],x^2),x,2*n+2),x,2*n),n=0..30); # Peter Luschny, Jan 31 2015
A000108List := proc(m) local A, P, n; A := [1, 1]; P := [1];
for n from 1 to m - 2 do P := ListTools:-PartialSums([op(P), A[-1]]);
A := [op(A), P[-1]] od; A end: A000108List(31); # Peter Luschny, Mar 24 2022
  • Mathematica
    Table[(2 n)!/n!/(n + 1)!, {n, 0, 20}]
Table[4^n Gamma[n + 1/2]/(Sqrt[Pi] Gamma[n + 2]), {n, 0, 20}] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Oct 31 2024 *)
Table[Hypergeometric2F1[1 - n, -n, 2, 1], {n, 0, 20}] (* Richard L. Ollerton, Sep 13 2006 *)
Table[CatalanNumber @ n, {n, 0, 20}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Feb 15 2011 *)
CatalanNumber[Range[0, 20]] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Oct 31 2024 *)
CoefficientList[InverseSeries[Series[x/Sum[x^n, {n, 0, 31}], {x, 0, 31}]]/x, x] (* Mats Granvik, Nov 24 2013 *)
CoefficientList[Series[(1 - Sqrt[1 - 4 x])/(2 x), {x, 0, 20}], x] (* Stefano Spezia, Aug 31 2018 *)
  • Maxima
    A000108(n):=binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1)$ makelist(A000108(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Oct 24 2012 */
  • MuPAD
    combinat::dyckWords::count(n) $ n = 0..38 // Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 14 2007
  • PARI
    a(n)=binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1) \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 25 2012
  • PARI
    a(n) = (2*n)! / n! / (n+1)!
  • PARI
    a(n) = my(A, m); if( n<0, 0, m=1; A = 1 + x + O(x^2); while(m<=n, m*=2; A = sqrt(subst(A, x, 4*x^2)); A += (A - 1) / (2*x*A)); polcoeff(A, n));
  • PARI
    {a(n) = if( n<1, n==0, polcoeff( serreverse( x / (1 + x)^2 + x * O(x^n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos */
  • PARI
    (recur(a,b)=if(b<=2,(a==2)+(a==b)+(a!=b)*(1+a/2), (1+a/b)*recur(a,b-1))); a(n)=recur(n,n); \\ R. J. Cano, Nov 22 2012
  • PARI
    x='x+O('x^40); Vec((1-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x)) \\ Altug Alkan, Oct 13 2015
  • Python
    from gmpy2 import divexact
A000108 = [1, 1]
for n in range(1, 10**3):
    A000108.append(divexact(A000108[-1]*(4*n+2),(n+2))) # Chai Wah Wu, Aug 31 2014
  • Python
    # Works in Sage also.
A000108 = [1]
for n in range(1000):
    A000108.append(A000108[-1]*(4*n+2)//(n+2)) # Günter Rote, Nov 08 2023
  • Sage
    [catalan_number(i) for i in range(27)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 26 2008
  • Sage
    # Generalized algorithm of L. Seidel
def A000108_list(n) :
    D = [0]*(n+1); D[1] = 1
    b = True; h = 1; R = []
    for i in range(2*n-1) :
        if b :
            for k in range(h,0,-1) : D[k] += D[k-1]
            h += 1; R.append(D[1])
        else :
            for k in range(1,h, 1) : D[k] += D[k+1]
        b = not b
    return R
A000108_list(31) # Peter Luschny, Jun 02 2012

Formula

a(n) = binomial(2*n, n)/(n+1) = (2*n)!/(n!*(n+1)!) = A000984(n)/(n+1).
Recurrence: a(n) = 2*(2*n-1)*a(n-1)/(n+1) with a(0) = 1.
Recurrence: a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} a(k)a(n-1-k).
G.f.: A(x) = (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x)) / (2*x), and satisfies A(x) = 1 + x*A(x)^2.
a(n) = Product_{k=2..n} (1 + n/k).
a(n+1) = Sum_{i} binomial(n, 2*i)*2^(n-2*i)*a(i). - Touchard
It is known that a(n) is odd if and only if n=2^k-1, k=0, 1, 2, 3, ... - Emeric Deutsch, Aug 04 2002, corrected by M. F. Hasler, Nov 08 2015
Using the Stirling approximation in A000142 we get the asymptotic expansion a(n) ~ 4^n / (sqrt(Pi * n) * (n + 1)). - Dan Fux (dan.fux(AT)OpenGaia.com or danfux(AT)OpenGaia.com), Apr 13 2001
Integral representation: a(n) = (1/(2*Pi))*Integral_{x=0..4} x^n*sqrt((4-x)/x). - Karol A. Penson, Apr 12 2001
E.g.f.: exp(2*x)*(I_0(2*x)-I_1(2*x)), where I_n is Bessel function. - Karol A. Penson, Oct 07 2001
a(n) = polygorial(n, 6)/polygorial(n, 3). - Daniel Dockery (peritus(AT)gmail.com), Jun 24 2003
G.f. A(x) satisfies ((A(x) + A(-x)) / 2)^2 = A(4*x^2). - Michael Somos, Jun 27 2003
G.f. A(x) satisfies Sum_{k>=1} k(A(x)-1)^k = Sum_{n>=1} 4^{n-1}*x^n. - Shapiro, Woan, Getu
a(n+m) = Sum_{k} A039599(n, k)*A039599(m, k). - Philippe Deléham, Dec 22 2003
a(n+1) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{k=0..n} a(n-k)*binomial(2k+1, k+1). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 24 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k>=0} A008313(n, k)^2. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 14 2004
a(m+n+1) = Sum_{k>=0} A039598(m, k)*A039598(n, k). - Philippe Deléham, Feb 15 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k*2^(n-k)*binomial(n, k)*binomial(k, floor(k/2)). - Paul Barry, Jan 27 2005
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = 2 + 4*Pi/3^(5/2) = F(1,2;1/2;1/4) = A268813 = 2.806133050770763... (see L'Univers de Pi link). - Gerald McGarvey and Benoit Cloitre, Feb 13 2005
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} ((n-2*k+1)*binomial(n, n-k)/(n-k+1))^2, which is equivalent to: a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A053121(n, k)^2, for n >= 0. - Paul D. Hanna, Apr 23 2005
a((m+n)/2) = Sum_{k>=0} A053121(m, k)*A053121(n, k) if m+n is even. - Philippe Deléham, May 26 2005
E.g.f. Sum_{n>=0} a(n) * x^(2*n) / (2*n)! = BesselI(1, 2*x) / x. - Michael Somos, Jun 22 2005
Given g.f. A(x), then B(x) = x * A(x^3) satisfies 0 = f(x, B(X)) where f(u, v) = u - v + (u*v)^2 or B(x) = x + (x * B(x))^2 which implies B(-B(x)) = -x and also (1 + B^3) / B^2 = (1 - x^3) / x^2. - Michael Somos, Jun 27 2005
a(n) = a(n-1)*(4-6/(n+1)). a(n) = 2a(n-1)*(8a(n-2)+a(n-1))/(10a(n-2)-a(n-1)). - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Feb 08 2006
Sum_{k>=1} a(k)/4^k = 1. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jun 28 2006
a(n) = A047996(2*n+1, n). - Philippe Deléham, Jul 25 2006
Binomial transform of A005043. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 20 2006
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k*A116395(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 07 2006
a(n) = (1/(s-n))*Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k (k+s-n)*binomial(s-n,k) * binomial(s+n-k,s) with s a nonnegative free integer [H. W. Gould].
a(k) = Sum_{i=1..k} |A008276(i,k)| * (k-1)^(k-i) / k!. - André F. Labossière, May 29 2007
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A129818(n,k) * A007852(k+1). - Philippe Deléham, Jun 20 2007
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A109466(n,k) * A127632(k). - Philippe Deléham, Jun 20 2007
Row sums of triangle A124926. - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 22 2007
Limit_{n->oo} (1 + Sum_{k=0..n} a(k)/A004171(k)) = 4/Pi. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 26 2008
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A120730(n,k)^2 and a(k+1) = Sum_{n>=k} A120730(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 18 2008
Given an integer t >= 1 and initial values u = [a_0, a_1, ..., a_{t-1}], we may define an infinite sequence Phi(u) by setting a_n = a_{n-1} + a_0*a_{n-1} + a_1*a_{n-2} + ... + a_{n-2}*a_1 for n >= t. For example, the present sequence is Phi([1]) (also Phi([1,1])). - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 27 2008
a(n) = Sum_{l_1=0..n+1} Sum_{l_2=0..n}...Sum_{l_i=0..n-i}...Sum_{l_n=0..1} delta(l_1,l_2,...,l_i,...,l_n) where delta(l_1,l_2,...,l_i,...,l_n) = 0 if any l_i < l_(i+1) and l_(i+1) <> 0 for i=1..n-1 and delta(l_1,l_2,...,l_i,...,l_n) = 1 otherwise. - Thomas Wieder, Feb 25 2009
a(n) = A000680(n)/A006472(n+1). - Mark Dols, Jul 14 2010; corrected by M. F. Hasler, Nov 08 2015
Let A(x) be the g.f., then B(x)=x*A(x) satisfies the differential equation B'(x)-2*B'(x)*B(x)-1=0. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Jan 18 2011
Complement of A092459; A010058(a(n)) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 29 2011
G.f.: 1/(1-x/(1-x/(1-x/(...)))) (continued fraction). - Joerg Arndt, Mar 18 2011
With F(x) = (1-2*x-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x) an o.g.f. in x for the Catalan series, G(x) = x/(1+x)^2 is the compositional inverse of F (nulling the n=0 term). - Tom Copeland, Sep 04 2011
With H(x) = 1/(dG(x)/dx) = (1+x)^3 / (1-x), the n-th Catalan number is given by (1/n!)*((H(x)*d/dx)^n)x evaluated at x=0, i.e., F(x) = exp(x*H(u)*d/du)u, evaluated at u = 0. Also, dF(x)/dx = H(F(x)), and H(x) is the o.g.f. for A115291. - Tom Copeland, Sep 04 2011
From Tom Copeland, Sep 30 2011: (Start)
With F(x) = (1-sqrt(1-4*x))/2 an o.g.f. in x for the Catalan series, G(x)= x*(1-x) is the compositional inverse and this relates the Catalan numbers to the row sums of A125181.
With H(x) = 1/(dG(x)/dx) = 1/(1-2x), the n-th Catalan number (offset 1) is given by (1/n!)*((H(x)*d/dx)^n)x evaluated at x=0, i.e., F(x) = exp(x*H(u)*d/du)u, evaluated at u = 0. Also, dF(x)/dx = H(F(x)). (End)
G.f.: (1-sqrt(1-4*x))/(2*x) = G(0) where G(k) = 1 + (4*k+1)*x/(k+1-2*x*(k+1)*(4*k+3)/(2*x*(4*k+3)+(2*k+3)/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Nov 30 2011
E.g.f.: exp(2*x)*(BesselI(0,2*x) - BesselI(1,2*x)) = G(0) where G(k) = 1 + (4*k+1)*x/((k+1)*(2*k+1)-x*(k+1)*(2*k+1)*(4*k+3)/(x*(4*k+3)+(k+1)*(2*k+3)/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Nov 30 2011
E.g.f.: Hypergeometric([1/2],[2],4*x) which coincides with the e.g.f. given just above, and also by Karol A. Penson further above. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 13 2012
A076050(a(n)) = n + 1 for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 17 2012
a(n) = A208355(2*n-1) = A208355(2*n) for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 04 2012
a(n+1) = A214292(2*n+1,n) = A214292(2*n+2,n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
G.f.: 1 + 2*x/(U(0)-2*x) where U(k) = k*(4*x+1) + 2*x + 2 - x*(2*k+3)*(2*k+4)/U(k+1); (continued fraction, Euler's 1st kind, 1-step). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Sep 20 2012
G.f.: hypergeom([1/2,1],[2],4*x). - Joerg Arndt, Apr 06 2013
Special values of Jacobi polynomials, in Maple notation: a(n) = 4^n*JacobiP(n,1,-1/2-n,-1)/(n+1). - Karol A. Penson, Jul 28 2013
For n > 0: a(n) = sum of row n in triangle A001263. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 10 2013
a(n) = binomial(2n,n-1)/n and a(n) mod n = binomial(2n,n) mod n = A059288(n). - Jonathan Sondow, Dec 14 2013
a(n-1) = Sum_{t1+2*t2+...+n*tn=n} (-1)^(1+t1+t2+...+tn)*multinomial(t1+t2 +...+tn,t1,t2,...,tn)*a(1)^t1*a(2)^t2*...*a(n)^tn. - Mircea Merca, Feb 27 2014
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} binomial(n+k-1,n)/n if n > 0. Alexander Adamchuk, Mar 25 2014
a(n) = -2^(2*n+1) * binomial(n-1/2, -3/2). - Peter Luschny, May 06 2014
a(n) = (4*A000984(n) - A000984(n+1))/2. - Stanislav Sykora, Aug 09 2014
a(n) = A246458(n) * A246466(n). - Tom Edgar, Sep 02 2014
a(n) = (2*n)!*[x^(2*n)]hypergeom([],[2],x^2). - Peter Luschny, Jan 31 2015
a(n) = 4^(n-1)*hypergeom([3/2, 1-n], [3], 1). - Peter Luschny, Feb 03 2015
a(2n) = 2*A000150(2n); a(2n+1) = 2*A000150(2n+1) + a(n). - John Bodeen, Jun 24 2015
a(n) = Sum_{t=1..n+1} n^(t-1)*abs(Stirling1(n+1, t)) / Sum_{t=1..n+1} abs(Stirling1(n+1, t)), for n > 0, see (10) in Cereceda link. - Michel Marcus, Oct 06 2015
a(n) ~ 4^(n-2)*(128 + 160/N^2 + 84/N^4 + 715/N^6 - 10180/N^8)/(N^(3/2)*Pi^(1/2)) where N = 4*n+3. - Peter Luschny, Oct 14 2015
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..floor((n+1)/2)} (-1)^(k-1)*binomial(n+1-k,k)*a(n-k) if n > 0; and a(0) = 1. - David Pasino, Jun 29 2016
Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n/a(n) = 14/25 - 24*arccsch(2)/(25*sqrt(5)) = 14/25 - 24*A002390/(25*sqrt(5)) = 0.353403708337278061333... - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jun 30 2016
C(n) = (1/n) * Sum_{i+j+k=n-1} C(i)*C(j)*C(k)*(k+1), n >= 1. - Yuchun Ji, Feb 21 2016
C(n) = 1 + Sum_{i+j+kYuchun Ji, Sep 01 2016
a(n) = A001700(n) - A162551(n) = binomial(2*n+1,n+1). - 2*binomial(2*n,n-1). - Taras Goy, Aug 09 2018
G.f.: A(x) = (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x)) / (2*x) = 2F1(1/2,1;2;4*x). G.f. A(x) satisfies A = 1 + x*A^2. - R. J. Mathar, Nov 17 2018
C(n) = 1 + Sum_{i=0..n-1} A000245(i). - Yuchun Ji, Jan 10 2019
From A.H.M. Smeets, Apr 11 2020: (Start)
(1+sqrt(1+4*x))/2 = 1-Sum_{i >= 0} a(i)*(-x)^(i+1), for any complex x with |x| < 1/4; and sqrt(x+sqrt(x+sqrt(x+...))) = 1-Sum_{i >= 0} a(i)*(-x)^(i+1), for any complex x with |x| < 1/4 and x <> 0. (End)
a(3n+1)*a(5n+4)*a(15n+10) = a(3n+2)*a(5n+2)*a(15n+11). The first case of Catalan product equation of a triple partition of 23n+15. - Yuchun Ji, Sep 27 2020
a(n) = 4^n * (-1)^(n+1) * 3F2[{n + 1,n + 1/2,n}, {3/2,1}, -1], n >= 1. - Sergii Voloshyn, Oct 22 2020
a(n) = 2^(1 + 2 n) * (-1)^(n)/(1 + n) * 3F2[{n, 1/2 + n, 1 + n}, {1/2, 1}, -1], n >= 1. - Sergii Voloshyn, Nov 08 2020
a(n) = (1/Pi)*4^(n+1)*Integral_{x=0..Pi/2} cos(x)^(2*n)*sin(x)^2 dx. - Greg Dresden, May 30 2021
From Peter Bala, Aug 17 2021: (Start)
G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x) = 1/sqrt(1 - 4*x) * A( -x/(1 - 4*x) ) and (A(x) + A(-x))/2 = 1/sqrt(1 - 4*x) * A( -2*x/(1 - 4*x) ); these are the cases k = 0 and k = -1 of the general formula 1/sqrt(1 - 4*x) * A( (k-1)*x/(1 - 4*x) ) = Sum_{n >= 0} ((k^(n+1) - 1)/(k - 1))*Catalan(n)*x^n.
2 - sqrt(1 - 4*x)/A( k*x/(1 - 4*x) ) = 1 + Sum_{n >= 1} (1 + (k + 1)^n) * Catalan(n-1)*x^n. (End)
Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*(-1/4)^n = 2*(sqrt(2)-1) (A163960). - Amiram Eldar, Mar 22 2022
0 = a(n)*(16*a(n+1) - 10*a(n+2)) + a(n+1)*(2*a(n+1) + a(n+2)) for all n>=0. - Michael Somos, Dec 12 2022
G.f.: (offset 1) 1/G(x), with G(x) = 1 - 2*x - x^2/G(x) (Jacobi continued fraction). - Nikolaos Pantelidis, Feb 01 2023
a(n) = K^(2n+1, n, 1) for all n >= 0, where K^(n, s, x) is the Krawtchouk polynomial defined to be Sum_{k=0..s} (-1)^k * binomial(n-x, s-k) * binomial(x, k). - Vladislav Shubin, Aug 17 2023
From Peter Bala, Feb 03 2024: (Start)
The g.f. A(x) satisfies the following functional equations:
A(x) = 1 + x/(1 - 4*x) * A(-x/(1 - 4*x))^2,
A(x^2) = 1/(1 - 2*x) * A(- x/(1 - 2*x))^2 and, for arbitrary k,
1/(1 - k*x) * A(x/(1 - k*x))^2 = 1/(1 - (k+4)*x) * A(-x/(1 - (k+4)*x))^2. (End)
a(n) = A363448(n) + A363449(n). - Julien Rouyer, Jun 28 2024

A000169 Number of labeled rooted trees with n nodes: n^(n-1).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 9, 64, 625, 7776, 117649, 2097152, 43046721, 1000000000, 25937424601, 743008370688, 23298085122481, 793714773254144, 29192926025390625, 1152921504606846976, 48661191875666868481, 2185911559738696531968, 104127350297911241532841, 5242880000000000000000000
Offset: 1

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

Also the number of connected transitive subtree acyclic digraphs on n vertices. - Robert Castelo, Jan 06 2001
For any given integer k, a(n) is also the number of functions from {1,2,...,n} to {1,2,...,n} such that the sum of the function values is k mod n. - Sharon Sela (sharonsela(AT)hotmail.com), Feb 16 2002
The n-th term of a geometric progression with first term 1 and common ratio n: a(1) = 1 -> 1,1,1,1,... a(2) = 2 -> 1,2,... a(3) = 9 -> 1,3,9,... a(4) = 64 -> 1,4,16,64,... - Amarnath Murthy, Mar 25 2004
All rational solutions to the equation x^y = y^x, with x < y, are given by x = A000169(n+1)/A000312(n), y = A000312(n+1)/A007778(n), where n = 1, 2, 3, ... . - Nick Hobson, Nov 30 2006
a(n+1) is also the number of partial functions on n labeled objects. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Dec 25 2006
In other words, if A is a finite set of size n-1, then a(n) is the number of binary relations on A that are also functions. Note that a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} binomial(n-1,k)*(n-1)^k = n^(n-1), where binomial(n-1,k) is the number of ways to select a domain D of size k from A and (n-1)^k is the number of functions from D to A. - Dennis P. Walsh, Apr 21 2011
This is the fourth member of a set of which the other members are the symmetric group, full transformation semigroup, and symmetric inverse semigroup. For the first three, see A000142, A000312, A002720. - Peter J. Cameron, Nov 03 2024.
More generally, consider the class of sequences of the form a(n) = (n*c(1)*...*c(i))^(n-1). This sequence has c(1)=1. A052746 has a(n) = (2*n)^(n-1), A052756 has a(n) = (3*n)^(n-1), A052764 has a(n) = (4*n)^(n-1), A052789 has a(n) = (5*n)^(n-1) for n>0. These sequences have a combinatorial structure like simple grammars. - Ctibor O. Zizka, Feb 23 2008
a(n) is equal to the logarithmic transform of the sequence b(n) = n^(n-2) starting at b(2). - Kevin Hu (10thsymphony(AT)gmail.com), Aug 23 2010
Also, number of labeled connected multigraphs of order n without cycles except one loop. See link below to have a picture showing the bijection between rooted trees and multigraphs of this kind. (Note that there are no labels in the picture, but the bijection remains true if we label the nodes.) - Washington Bomfim, Sep 04 2010
a(n) is also the number of functions f:{1,2,...,n} -> {1,2,...,n} such that f(1) = 1.
For a signed version of A000169 arising from the Vandermonde determinant of (1,1/2,...,1/n), see the Mathematica section. - Clark Kimberling, Jan 02 2012
Numerator of (1+1/(n-1))^(n-1) for n>1. - Jean-François Alcover, Jan 14 2013
Right edge of triangle A075513. - Michel Marcus, May 17 2013
a(n+1) is the number of n x n binary matrices with no more than a single one in each row. Partitioning the set of such matrices by the number k of rows with a one, we obtain a(n+1) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n,k)*n^k = (n+1)^n. - Dennis P. Walsh, May 27 2014
Central terms of triangle A051129: a(n) = A051129(2*n-1,n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 14 2014
a(n) is the row sum of the n-th rows of A248120 and A055302, so it enumerates the monomials in the expansion of [x(1) + x(2) + ... + x(n)]^(n-1). - Tom Copeland, Jul 17 2015
For any given integer k, a(n) is the number of sums x_1 + ... + x_m = k (mod n) such that: x_1, ..., x_m are nonnegative integers less than n, the order of the summands does not matter, and each integer appears fewer than n times as a summand. - Carlo Sanna, Oct 04 2015
a(n) is the number of words of length n-1 over an alphabet of n letters. - Joerg Arndt, Oct 07 2015
a(n) is the number of parking functions whose largest element is n and length is n. For example, a(3) = 9 because there are nine such parking functions, namely (1,2,3), (1,3,2), (2,3,1), (2,1,3), (3,1,2), (3,2,1), (1,1,3), (1,3,1), (3,1,1). - Ran Pan, Nov 15 2015
Consider the following problem: n^2 cells are arranged in a square array. A step can be defined as going from one cell to the one directly above it, to the right of it or under it. A step above cannot be followed by a step below and vice versa. Once the last column of the square array is reached, you can only take steps down. a(n) is the number of possible paths (i.e., sequences of steps) from the cell on the bottom left to the cell on the bottom right. - Nicolas Nagel, Oct 13 2016
The rationals c(n) = a(n+1)/a(n), n >= 1, appear in the proof of G. Pólya's "elementary, but not too elementary, theorem": Sum_{n>=1} (Product_{k=1..n} a_k)^(1/n) < exp(1)*Sum_{n>=1} a_n, for n >= 1, with the sequence {a_k}{k>=1} of nonnegative terms, not all equal to 0. - _Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 16 2018
Coefficients of the generating series for the preLie operadic algebra. Cf. p. 417 of the Loday et al. paper. - Tom Copeland, Jul 08 2018
a(n)/2^(n-1) is the square of the determinant of the n X n matrix M_n with elements m(j,k) = cos(Pi*j*k/n). See Zhi-Wei Sun, Petrov link. - Hugo Pfoertner, Sep 19 2021
a(n) is the determinant of the n X n matrix P_n such that, when indexed [0, n), P(0, j) = 1, P(i <= j) = i, and P(i > j) = i-n. - C.S. Elder, Mar 11 2024

Examples

			For n=3, a(3)=9 because there are exactly 9 binary relations on A={1, 2} that are functions, namely: {}, {(1,1)}, {(1,2)}, {(2,1)}, {(2,2)}, {(1,1),(2,1)}, {(1,1),(2,2)}, {(1,2),(2,1)} and {(1,2),(2,2)}. - _Dennis P. Walsh_, Apr 21 2011
G.f. = x + 2*x^2 + 9*x^3 + 64*x^4 + 625*x^5 + 7776*x^6 + 117649*x^7 + ...

References

  • Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 169.
  • Jonathan L. Gross and Jay Yellen, eds., Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, 2004; p. 524.
  • Hannes Heikinheimo, Heikki Mannila and Jouni K. Seppnen, Finding Trees from Unordered 01 Data, in Knowledge Discovery in Databases: PKDD 2006, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 4213/2006, Springer-Verlag. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 09 2009
  • Clifford A. Pickover, A Passion for Mathematics, Wiley, 2005; see p. 63.
  • John Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, p. 128.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
  • Richard P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Cambridge, Vol. 2, 1999; see page 25, Prop. 5.3.2, and p. 37, (5.52).

Links

Crossrefs

Cf. A000055, A000081, A000142, A000272, A000312, A002720, A007778, A007830, A008785-A008791, A055860, A002061, A052746, A052756, A052764, A052789, A051129, A098686, A247363, A055302, A248120, A130293, A053506-A053509, A262974.
Other classes of endofunctions: A275549-A275558.

Programs

  • Haskell
    a000169 n = n ^ (n - 1)  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 14 2014
  • Magma
    [n^(n-1): n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 17 2015
  • Maple
    A000169 := n -> n^(n-1);
# second program:
spec := [A, {A=Prod(Z, Set(A))}, labeled]; [seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n), n=1..20)];
# third program:
A000169 := n -> add((-1)^(n+k-1)*pochhammer(n, k)*Stirling2(n-1, k), k = 0..n-1):
seq(A000169(n), n = 1 .. 23);  # Mélika Tebni, May 07 2023
  • Mathematica
    Table[n^(n - 1), {n, 1, 20}] (* Stefan Steinerberger, Apr 01 2006 *)
Range[0, 18]! CoefficientList[ Series[ -LambertW[-x], {x, 0, 18}], x] // Rest (* Robert G. Wilson v, updated by Jean-François Alcover, Oct 14 2019 *)
(* Next, a signed version A000169 from the Vandermonde determinant of (1,1/2,...,1/n) *)
f[j_] := 1/j; z = 12;
v[n_] := Product[Product[f[k] - f[j], {j, 1, k - 1}], {k, 2, n}]
Table[v[n], {n, 1, z}]
1/%  (* A203421 *)
Table[v[n]/v[n + 1], {n, 1, z - 1}]  (* A000169 signed *)
(* Clark Kimberling, Jan 02 2012 *)
a[n_]:=Det[Table[If[i==0,1,If[i<=j,i,i-n]],{i,0,n-1},{j,0,n-1}]]; Array[a,20] (* Stefano Spezia, Mar 12 2024 *)
  • MuPAD
    n^(n-1) $ n=1..20 /* Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 01 2007 */
  • PARI
    a(n) = n^(n-1)
  • Python
    def a(n): return n**(n-1)
print([a(n) for n in range(1, 21)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Sep 19 2021
  • Python
    from sympy import Matrix
def P(n): return [[ (i-n if i > j else i) + (i == 0) for j in range(n) ] for i in range(n)]
print(*(Matrix(P(n)).det() for n in range(1, 21)), sep=', ') # C.S. Elder, Mar 12 2024

Formula

The e.g.f. T(x) = Sum_{n>=1} n^(n-1)*x^n/n! satisfies T(x) = x*exp(T(x)), so T(x) is the functional inverse (series reversion) of x*exp(-x).
Also T(x) = -LambertW(-x) where W(x) is the principal branch of Lambert's function.
T(x) is sometimes called Euler's tree function.
a(n) = A000312(n-1)*A128434(n,1)/A128433(n,1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 03 2007
E.g.f.: LambertW(x)=x*G(0); G(k) = 1 - x*((2*k+2)^(2*k))/(((2*k+1)^(2*k)) - x*((2*k+1)^(2*k))*((2*k+3)^(2*k+1))/(x*((2*k+3)^(2*k+1)) - ((2*k+2)^(2*k+1))/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 30 2011
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} binomial(n-1,i-1)*i^(i-2)*(n-i)^(n-i). - Dmitry Kruchinin, Oct 28 2013
Limit_{n->oo} a(n)/A000312(n-1) = e. - Daniel Suteu, Jul 23 2016
From Amiram Eldar, Nov 20 2020: (Start)
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = A098686.
Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = A262974. (End)
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} (-1)^(n+k-1)*Pochhammer(n, k)*Stirling2(n-1, k). - Mélika Tebni, May 07 2023
In terms of Eulerian numbers A340556(n,k) of the second order Sum_{m>=1} m^(m+n) z^m/m! = 1/(1-T(z))^(2n+1) * Sum_{k=0..n} A2(n,k) T(z)^k. - Marko Riedel, Jan 10 2024

A014486 List of totally balanced sequences of 2n binary digits written in base 10. Binary expansion of each term contains n 0's and n 1's and reading from left to right (the most significant to the least significant bit), the number of 0's never exceeds the number of 1's.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 2, 10, 12, 42, 44, 50, 52, 56, 170, 172, 178, 180, 184, 202, 204, 210, 212, 216, 226, 228, 232, 240, 682, 684, 690, 692, 696, 714, 716, 722, 724, 728, 738, 740, 744, 752, 810, 812, 818, 820, 824, 842, 844, 850, 852, 856, 866, 868, 872, 880, 906, 908, 914
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Wouter Meeussen

Keywords

Comments

The binary Dyck-Language (A063171) in decimal representation.
These encode width 2n mountain ranges, rooted planar trees of n+1 vertices and n edges, planar planted trees with n nodes, rooted plane binary trees with n+1 leaves (2n edges, 2n+1 vertices, n internal nodes, the root included), Dyck words, binary bracketings, parenthesizations, non-crossing handshakes and partitions and many other combinatorial structures in Catalan family, enumerated by A000108.
Is Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) / n^(5/2) bounded? - Benoit Cloitre, Aug 18 2002
This list is the intersection of A061854 and A031443. - Jason Kimberley, Jan 18 2013
The sequence does start at n = 0, since in the binary interpretation of the Dyck language (e.g., as parenthesizations where "1" stands for "(" and "0" stands for ")") having a(0) = 0 will do since it would stand for the empty string where the "0"s and "1"s are balanced (hence the parentheses are balanced). - Daniel Forgues, Feb 17 2013
It appears that for n>=1 this sequence can be obtained by concatenating the terms of the irregular array whose n-th row length is A000108(n) and that is defined recursively by B(n,0) = A020988(n) and B(n,k) = B(n, k-1) + D(n, k-1) where D(x,y) = (2^(2*(A089309(B(x,y))-1))-1)*(2/3) + 2^A007814(B(x,y)). - Raúl Mario Torres Silva and Michel Marcus, May 01 2020
This encoding is related to the ranking by standard ordered tree numbers in that (1) the binary encoding of trees ordered by standard ranking is given by A358505, while (2) the standard ranking of trees ordered by binary encoding is given by A358523. - Gus Wiseman, Nov 21 2022

Examples

			a(19) = 226_10 = 11100010_2 = A063171(19) as bracket expression: ( ( ( ) ) )( ) and as a binary tree, proceeding from left to right in depth-first fashion, with 1's in binary expansion standing for internal (branching) nodes and 0's for leaves:
  0   0
   \ /
    1   0 0  (0)
     \ /   \ /
      1     1
       \   /
         1
Note that in this coding scheme the last leaf of the binary trees (here in parentheses) is implicit. This tree can be also converted to a particular S-expression in languages like Lisp, Scheme and Prolog, if we interpret its internal nodes (1's) as cons cells with each leftward leaning branch being the "car" and the rightward leaning branch the "cdr" part of the pair, with the terminal nodes (0's) being ()'s (NILs). Thus we have (cons (cons (cons () ()) ()) (cons () ())) = '( ( ( () . () ) . () ) . ( () . () ) ) = (((())) ()) i.e., the same bracket expression as above, but surrounded by extra parentheses. This mapping is performed by the Scheme function A014486->parenthesization given below.
From _Gus Wiseman_, Nov 21 2022: (Start)
The terms and corresponding ordered rooted trees begin:
    0: o
    2: (o)
   10: (oo)
   12: ((o))
   42: (ooo)
   44: (o(o))
   50: ((o)o)
   52: ((oo))
   56: (((o)))
  170: (oooo)
  172: (oo(o))
  178: (o(o)o)
  180: (o(oo))
  184: (o((o)))
(End)

References

  • Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 4A: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 1, Addison-Wesley, 2011, Section 7.2.1.6, pp. 443 (Algorithm P).

Links

Crossrefs

Characteristic function: A080116. Inverse function: A080300.
The terms of binary width 2n are counted by A000108(n). Subset of A036990. Number of peaks in each mountain (number of leaves in rooted plane general trees): A057514. Number of trailing zeros in the binary expansion: A080237. First differences: A085192.
Cf. also A009766, A014137, A071156, A079436, A085184, A213704.
Cf. A020988, A089309, A007814.
Branches of the ordered tree are counted by A057515.
Edges of the ordered tree are counted by A072643.
The Matula-Goebel number of the ordered tree is A127301.
The standard ranking of the ordered tree is A358523.
The depth of the ordered tree is A358550.
Nodes of the ordered tree are counted by A358551.
Cf. A000081, A001263, A358505, A358524.

Programs

  • Maple
    # Maple procedure CatalanUnrank is adapted from the algorithm 3.24 of the CAGES book and the Scheme function CatalanUnrank from Ruskey's thesis. See the a089408.c program for the corresponding C procedures.
CatalanSequences := proc(upto_n) local n,a,r; a := []; for n from 0 to upto_n do for r from 0 to (binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1))-1 do a := [op(a),CatalanUnrank(n,r)]; od; od; return a; end;
CatalanUnrank := proc(n,rr) local r,x,y,lo,m,a; r := (binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1))-(rr+1); y := 0; lo := 0; a := 0; for x from 1 to 2*n do m := Mn(n,x,y+1); if(r <= lo+m-1) then y := y+1; a := 2*a + 1; else lo := lo+m; y := y-1; a := 2*a; fi; od; return a; end;
Mn := (n,x,y) -> binomial(2*n-x,n-((x+y)/2)) - binomial(2*n-x,n-1-((x+y)/2));
# Alternative:
bin := n -> ListTools:-Reverse(convert(n, base, 2)):
isA014486 := proc(n): local B, s, b; s := 0;
    if n > 0 then
      for b in bin(n) do
          s := s + ifelse(b = 1, 1, -1);
           if 0 > s then return false fi;
      od fi;
  s = 0 end:
select(isA014486, [seq(0..240)]);  # Peter Luschny, Mar 13 2024
  • Mathematica
    cat[ n_ ] := (2 n)!/n!/(n+1)!; b2d[li_List] := Fold[2#1+#2&, 0, li]
d2b[n_Integer] := IntegerDigits[n, 2]
tree[n_] := Join[Table[1, {i, 1, n}], Table[0, {i, 1, n}]]
nexttree[t_] := Flatten[Reverse[t]/. {a___, 0, 0, 1, b___}:> Reverse[{Sort[{a, 0}]//Reverse, 1, 0, b}]]
wood[ n_ /; n<8 ] := NestList[ nexttree, tree[ n ], cat[ n ]-1 ]
Table[ Reverse[ b2d/@wood[ j ] ], {j, 0, 6} ]//Flatten
(* Alternative code *)
tbQ[n_]:=Module[{idn2=IntegerDigits[n,2]},Count[idn2,1]==Length[idn2]/2&&Min[Accumulate[idn2/.{0->-1}]]>=0]; Join[{0},Select[Range[900],tbQ]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 04 2013 *)
balancedQ[0] = True; balancedQ[n_] := Module[{s = 0}, Do[s += If[b == 1, 1, -1]; If[s < 0, Return[False]], {b, IntegerDigits[n, 2]}]; Return[s == 0] ]; A014486 = FromDigits /@ IntegerDigits[Select[Range[0, 1000], balancedQ ]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 05 2016 *)
A014486Q[0] = True; A014486Q[n_] := Catch[Fold[If[# < 0, Throw[False], If[#2 == 0, # - 1, # + 1]] &, 0, IntegerDigits[n, 2]] == 0]; Select[Range[0, 880], A014486Q] (* JungHwan Min, Dec 11 2016 *)
(* Uses Algorithm P from Knuth's TAOCP section 7.2.1.6 - see References and Links. *)
alist[n_] := Block[{a = Flatten[Table[{1, 0}, n]], m = 2*n - 1, j, k},
    FromDigits[#, 2]& /@ Reap[
    While[True,
        Sow[a]; a[[m]] = 0;
        If[a[[m - 1]] == 0,
            a[[--m]] = 1, j = m - 1; k = 2*n - 1;
            While[j > 1 && a[[j]] == 1, a[[j--]] = 0; a[[k]] = 1; k -= 2];
            If[j == 1, Break[]];
            a[[j]] = 1; m = 2*n - 1]
    ]][[2, 1]]];
Join[{{0}, {2}}, Array[alist, 4, 2]] (* Paolo Xausa, Mar 16 2024 *)
  • PARI
    isA014486(n)=my(v=binary(n),t=0);for(i=1,#v,t+=if(v[i],1,-1);if(t<0,return(0))); t==0 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 10 2011
  • PARI
    a_rows(N) = my(a=Vec([[0]], N)); for(r=1, N-1, my(b=a[r], c=List()); foreach(b, t, my(v=if(t, valuation(t, 2), 0)); for(i=0, v, listput(~c, (t<<2)+(2<Ruud H.G. van Tol, May 16 2024
  • Python
    from itertools import count, islice
from sympy.utilities.iterables import multiset_permutations
def A014486_gen(): # generator of terms
    yield 0
    for l in count(1):
        for s in multiset_permutations('0'*l+'1'*(l-1)):
            c, m = 0, (l<<1)-1
            for i in range(m):
                if s[i] == '1':
                    c += 2
                if cA014486_list = list(islice(A014486_gen(),30)) # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 28 2023
  • SageMath
    def is_A014486(n) :
    B = bin(n)[2::] if n != 0 else 0
    s = 0
    for b in B :
        s += 1 if b=='1' else -1
        if 0 > s : return False
    return 0 == s
def A014486_list(n): return [k for k in (1..n) if is_A014486(k) ]
A014486_list(888) # Peter Luschny, Aug 10 2012

Extensions

Additional comments from Antti Karttunen, Aug 11 2000 and May 25 2004
Added a(0)=0 (which had been removed in June 2011), Joerg Arndt, Feb 27 2013

A001263 Triangle of Narayana numbers T(n,k) = C(n-1,k-1)*C(n,k-1)/k with 1 <= k <= n, read by rows. Also called the Catalan triangle.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 6, 6, 1, 1, 10, 20, 10, 1, 1, 15, 50, 50, 15, 1, 1, 21, 105, 175, 105, 21, 1, 1, 28, 196, 490, 490, 196, 28, 1, 1, 36, 336, 1176, 1764, 1176, 336, 36, 1, 1, 45, 540, 2520, 5292, 5292, 2520, 540, 45, 1, 1, 55, 825, 4950, 13860, 19404, 13860, 4950, 825
Offset: 1

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

Number of antichains (or order ideals) in the poset 2*(k-1)*(n-k) or plane partitions with rows <= k-1, columns <= n-k and entries <= 2. - Mitch Harris, Jul 15 2000
T(n,k) is the number of Dyck n-paths with exactly k peaks. a(n,k) = number of pairs (P,Q) of lattice paths from (0,0) to (k,n+1-k), each consisting of unit steps East or North, such that P lies strictly above Q except at the endpoints. - David Callan, Mar 23 2004
Number of permutations of [n] which avoid-132 and have k-1 descents. - Mike Zabrocki, Aug 26 2004
T(n,k) is the number of paths through n panes of glass, entering and leaving from one side, of length 2n with k reflections (where traversing one pane of glass is the unit length). - Mitch Harris, Jul 06 2006
Antidiagonal sums given by A004148 (without first term).
T(n,k) is the number of full binary trees with n internal nodes and k-1 jumps. In the preorder traversal of a full binary tree, any transition from a node at a deeper level to a node on a strictly higher level is called a jump. - Emeric Deutsch, Jan 18 2007
From Gary W. Adamson, Oct 22 2007: (Start)
The n-th row can be generated by the following operation using an ascending row of (n-1) triangular terms, (A) and a descending row, (B); e.g., row 6:
A: 1....3....6....10....15
B: 15...10....6.....3.....1
C: 1...15...50....50....15....1 = row 6.
Leftmost column of A,B -> first two terms of C; then followed by the operation B*C/A of current column = next term of row C, (e.g., 10*15/3 = 50). Continuing with the operation, we get row 6: (1, 15, 50, 50, 15, 1). (End)
The previous comment can be upgraded to: The ConvOffsStoT transform of the triangular series; and by rows, row 6 is the ConvOffs transform of (1, 3, 6, 10, 15). Refer to triangle A117401 as another example of the ConvOffsStoT transform, and OEIS under Maple Transforms. - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 09 2012
For a connection to Lagrange inversion, see A134264. - Tom Copeland, Aug 15 2008
T(n,k) is also the number of order-decreasing and order-preserving mappings (of an n-element set) of height k (height of a mapping is the cardinal of its image set). - Abdullahi Umar, Aug 21 2008
Row n of this triangle is the h-vector of the simplicial complex dual to an associahedron of type A_n [Fomin & Reading, p.60]. See A033282 for the corresponding array of f-vectors for associahedra of type A_n. See A008459 and A145903 for the h-vectors for associahedra of type B and type D respectively. The Hilbert transform of this triangle (see A145905 for the definition of this transform) is A145904. - Peter Bala, Oct 27 2008
T(n,k) is also the number of noncrossing set partitions of [n] into k blocks. Given a partition P of the set {1,2,...,n}, a crossing in P are four integers [a, b, c, d] with 1 <= a < b < c < d <= n for which a, c are together in a block, and b, d are together in a different block. A noncrossing partition is a partition with no crossings. - Peter Luschny, Apr 29 2011
Noncrossing set partitions are also called genus 0 partitions. In terms of genus-dependent Stirling numbers of the second kind S2(n,k,g) that count partitions of genus g of an n-set into k nonempty subsets, one has T(n,k) = S2(n,k,0). - Robert Coquereaux, Feb 15 2024
Diagonals of A089732 are rows of A001263. - Tom Copeland, May 14 2012
From Peter Bala, Aug 07 2013: (Start)
Let E(y) = Sum_{n >= 0} y^n/(n!*(n+1)!) = 1/sqrt(y)*BesselI(1,2*sqrt(y)). Then this triangle is the generalized Riordan array (E(y), y) with respect to the sequence n!*(n+1)! as defined in Wang and Wang.
Generating function E(y)*E(x*y) = 1 + (1 + x)*y/(1!*2!) + (1 + 3*x + x^2)*y^2/(2!*3!) + (1 + 6*x + 6*x^2 + x^3)*y^3/(3!*4!) + .... Cf. A105278 with a generating function exp(y)*E(x*y).
The n-th power of this array has a generating function E(y)^n*E(x*y). In particular, the matrix inverse A103364 has a generating function E(x*y)/E(y). (End)
T(n,k) is the number of nonintersecting n arches above the x axis, starting and ending on vertices 1 to 2n, with k being the number of arches starting on an odd vertice and ending on a higher even vertice. Example: T(3,2)=3 [16,25,34] [14,23,56] [12,36,45]. - Roger Ford, Jun 14 2014
Fomin and Reading on p. 31 state that the rows of the Narayana matrix are the h-vectors of the associahedra as well as its dual. - Tom Copeland, Jun 27 2017
The row polynomials P(n, x) = Sum_{k=1..n} T(n, k)*x^(k-1), together with P(0, x) = 1, multiplied by (n+1) are the numerator polynomials of the o.g.f.s of the diagonal sequences of the triangle A103371: G(n, x) = (n+1)*P(n, x)/(1 - x)^{2*n+1}, for n >= 0. This is proved with Lagrange's theorem applied to the Riordan triangle A135278 = (1/(1 - x)^2, x/(1 - x)). See an example below. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jul 31 2017
T(n,k) is the number of Dyck paths of semilength n with k-1 uu-blocks (pairs of consecutive up-steps). - Alexander Burstein, Jun 22 2020
In case you were searching for Narayama numbers, the correct spelling is Narayana. - N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 11 2020
Named after the Canadian mathematician Tadepalli Venkata Narayana (1930-1987). They were also called "Runyon numbers" after John P. Runyon (1922-2013) of Bell Telephone Laboratories, who used them in a study of a telephone traffic system. - Amiram Eldar, Apr 15 2021 The Narayana numbers were first studied by Percy Alexander MacMahon (see reference, Article 495) as pointed out by Bóna and Sagan (see link). - Peter Luschny, Apr 28 2022
From Andrea Arlette España, Nov 14 2022: (Start)
T(n,k) is the degree distribution of the paths towards synchronization in the transition diagram associated with the Laplacian system over the complete graph K_n, corresponding to ordered initial conditions x_1 < x_2 < ... < x_n.
T(n,k) for n=2N+1 and k=N+1 is the number of states in the transition diagram associated with the Laplacian system over the complete bipartite graph K_{N,N}, corresponding to ordered (x_1 < x_2 < ... < x_N and x_{N+1} < x_{N+2} < ... < x_{2N}) and balanced (Sum_{i=1..N} x_i/N = Sum_{i=N+1..2N} x_i/N) initial conditions. (End)
From Gus Wiseman, Jan 23 2023: (Start)
Also the number of unlabeled ordered rooted trees with n nodes and k leaves. See the link by Marko Riedel. For example, row n = 5 counts the following trees:
((((o)))) (((o))o) ((o)oo) (oooo)
(((o)o)) ((oo)o)
(((oo))) ((ooo))
((o)(o)) (o(o)o)
((o(o))) (o(oo))
(o((o))) (oo(o))
The unordered version is A055277. Leaves in standard ordered trees are counted by A358371. (End)

Examples

			The initial rows of the triangle are:
  [1] 1
  [2] 1,  1
  [3] 1,  3,   1
  [4] 1,  6,   6,    1
  [5] 1, 10,  20,   10,    1
  [6] 1, 15,  50,   50,   15,    1
  [7] 1, 21, 105,  175,  105,   21,   1
  [8] 1, 28, 196,  490,  490,  196,  28,  1
  [9] 1, 36, 336, 1176, 1764, 1176, 336, 36, 1;
  ...
For all n, 12...n (1 block) and 1|2|3|...|n (n blocks) are noncrossing set partitions.
Example of umbral representation:
  A007318(5,k)=[1,5/1,5*4/(2*1),...,1]=(1,5,10,10,5,1),
  so A001263(5,k)={1,b(5)/b(1),b(5)*b(4)/[b(2)*b(1)],...,1}
  = [1,30/2,30*20/(6*2),...,1]=(1,15,50,50,15,1).
  First = last term = b.(5!)/[b.(0!)*b.(5!)]= 1. - _Tom Copeland_, Sep 21 2011
Row polynomials and diagonal sequences of A103371: n = 4,  P(4, x) = 1 + 6*x + 6*x^2 + x^3, and the o.g.f. of fifth diagonal is G(4, x) = 5* P(4, x)/(1 - x)^9, namely [5, 75, 525, ...]. See a comment above. - _Wolfdieter Lang_, Jul 31 2017

References

  • Berman and Koehler, Cardinalities of finite distributive lattices, Mitteilungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar Giessen, 121 (1976), pp. 103-124.
  • Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 196.
  • P. A. MacMahon, Combinatory Analysis, Vols. 1 and 2, Cambridge University Press, 1915, 1916; reprinted by Chelsea, 1960, Sect. 495.
  • T. V. Narayana, Lattice Path Combinatorics with Statistical Applications. Univ. Toronto Press, 1979, pp. 100-101.
  • A. Nkwanta, Lattice paths and RNA secondary structures, in African Americans in Mathematics, ed. N. Dean, Amer. Math. Soc., 1997, pp. 137-147.
  • T. K. Petersen, Eulerian Numbers, Birkhäuser, 2015, Chapter 2.
  • J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 17.
  • R. P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Cambridge, Vol. 2, 1999; see Problem 6.36(a) and (b).

Links

Crossrefs

Other versions are in A090181 and A131198. - Philippe Deléham, Nov 18 2007
Cf. variants: A181143, A181144. - Paul D. Hanna, Oct 13 2010
Row sums give A000108 (Catalan numbers), n>0.
Columns give A000217, A002415, A006542, A006857, A108679. A084938.
Cf. A000372, A002083, A056932, A056939, A056940, A056941, A065329, A073345.
A145596, A145597, A145598, A145599. - Peter Bala, Oct 22 2008
A008459 (h-vectors type B associahedra), A033282 (f-vectors type A associahedra), A145903 (h-vectors type D associahedra), A145904 (Hilbert transform). - Peter Bala, Oct 27 2008
Cf. A016098 and A189232 for numbers of crossing set partitions.
Cf. A243752.
Cf. A089231, A103371, A135278.
Cf. A002378, A007318, A010790, A089732, A105278, A119900, A132710, A134264.
Triangles of generalized binomial coefficients (n,k)_m (or generalized Pascal triangles) for m = 1,...,12: A007318 (Pascal), A001263, A056939, A056940, A056941, A142465, A142467, A142468, A174109, A342889, A342890, A342891.
Cf. A000081, A005043, A032027, A055277, A358371.

Programs

  • GAP
    Flat(List([1..11],n->List([1..n],k->Binomial(n-1,k-1)*Binomial(n,k-1)/k))); # Muniru A Asiru, Jul 12 2018
  • Haskell
    a001263 n k = a001263_tabl !! (n-1) !! (k-1)
a001263_row n = a001263_tabl !! (n-1)
a001263_tabl = zipWith dt a007318_tabl (tail a007318_tabl) where
   dt us vs = zipWith (-) (zipWith (*) us (tail vs))
                          (zipWith (*) (tail us ++ [0]) (init vs))
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 10 2013
  • Magma
    /* triangle */ [[Binomial(n-1,k-1)*Binomial(n,k-1)/k : k in [1..n]]: n in [1.. 15]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Oct 19 2014
  • Maple
    A001263 := (n,k)->binomial(n-1,k-1)*binomial(n,k-1)/k;
a:=proc(n,k) option remember; local i; if k=1 or k=n then 1 else add(binomial(n+i-1, 2*k-2)*a(k-1,i),i=1..k-1); fi; end:
# Alternatively, as a (0,0)-based triangle:
R := n -> simplify(hypergeom([-n, -n-1], [2], x)): Trow := n -> seq(coeff(R(n,x),x,j), j=0..n): seq(Trow(n), n=0..9); # Peter Luschny, Mar 19 2018
  • Mathematica
    T[n_, k_] := If[k==0, 0, Binomial[n-1, k-1] Binomial[n, k-1] / k];
Flatten[Table[Binomial[n-1,k-1] Binomial[n,k-1]/k,{n,15},{k,n}]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Feb 29 2012 *)
TRow[n_] := CoefficientList[Hypergeometric2F1[1 - n, -n, 2, x], x];
Table[TRow[n], {n, 1, 11}] // Flatten (* Peter Luschny, Mar 19 2018 *)
aot[n_]:=If[n==1,{{}},Join@@Table[Tuples[aot/@c],{c,Join@@Permutations/@IntegerPartitions[n-1]}]];
Table[Length[Select[aot[n],Length[Position[#,{}]]==k&]],{n,2,9},{k,1,n-1}] (* Gus Wiseman, Jan 23 2023 *)
T[1, 1] := 1; T[n_, k_]/;1<=k<=n := T[n, k] = (2n/k-1) T[n-1,k-1] + T[n-1, k]; T[n_, k_] := 0; Flatten@Table[T[n, k], {n, 1, 11}, {k, 1, n}] (* Oliver Seipel, Dec 31 2024 *)
  • PARI
    {a(n, k) = if(k==0, 0, binomial(n-1, k-1) * binomial(n, k-1) / k)};
  • PARI
    {T(n,k)=polcoeff(polcoeff(exp(sum(m=1,n,sum(j=0,m,binomial(m,j)^2*y^j)*x^m/m) +O(x^(n+1))),n,x),k,y)} \\ Paul D. Hanna, Oct 13 2010
  • Sage
    @CachedFunction
def T(n, k):
    if k == n or k == 1: return 1
    if k <= 0 or k > n: return 0
    return binomial(n, 2) * (T(n-1, k)/((n-k)*(n-k+1)) + T(n-1, k-1)/(k*(k-1)))
for n in (1..9): print([T(n, k) for k in (1..n)])  # Peter Luschny, Oct 28 2014

Formula

a(n, k) = C(n-1, k-1)*C(n, k-1)/k for k!=0; a(n, 0)=0.
Triangle equals [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, ...] DELTA [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, ...] where DELTA is Deléham's operator defined in A084938.
0Mike Zabrocki, Aug 26 2004
T(n, k) = C(n, k)*C(n-1, k-1) - C(n, k-1)*C(n-1, k) (determinant of a 2 X 2 subarray of Pascal's triangle A007318). - Gerald McGarvey, Feb 24 2005
T(n, k) = binomial(n-1, k-1)^2 - binomial(n-1, k)*binomial(n-1, k-2). - David Callan, Nov 02 2005
a(n,k) = C(n,2) (a(n-1,k)/((n-k)*(n-k+1)) + a(n-1,k-1)/(k*(k-1))) a(n,k) = C(n,k)*C(n,k-1)/n. - Mitch Harris, Jul 06 2006
Central column = A000891, (2n)!*(2n+1)! / (n!*(n+1)!)^2. - Zerinvary Lajos, Oct 29 2006
G.f.: (1-x*(1+y)-sqrt((1-x*(1+y))^2-4*y*x^2))/(2*x) = Sum_{n>0, k>0} a(n, k)*x^n*y^k.
From Peter Bala, Oct 22 2008: (Start)
Relation with Jacobi polynomials of parameter (1,1):
Row n+1 generating polynomial equals 1/(n+1)*x*(1-x)^n*Jacobi_P(n,1,1,(1+x)/(1-x)). It follows that the zeros of the Narayana polynomials are all real and nonpositive, as noted above. O.g.f for column k+2: 1/(k+1) * y^(k+2)/(1-y)^(k+3) * Jacobi_P(k,1,1,(1+y)/(1-y)). Cf. A008459.
T(n+1,k) is the number of walks of n unit steps on the square lattice (i.e., each step in the direction either up (U), down (D), right (R) or left (L)) starting from the origin and finishing at lattice points on the x axis and which remain in the upper half-plane y >= 0 [Guy]. For example, T(4,3) = 6 counts the six walks RRL, LRR, RLR, UDL, URD and RUD, from the origin to the lattice point (1,0), each of 3 steps. Compare with tables A145596 - A145599.
Define a functional I on formal power series of the form f(x) = 1 + ax + bx^2 + ... by the following iterative process. Define inductively f^(1)(x) = f(x) and f^(n+1)(x) = f(x*f^(n)(x)) for n >= 1. Then set I(f(x)) = lim_{n -> infinity} f^(n)(x) in the x-adic topology on the ring of formal power series; the operator I may also be defined by I(f(x)) := 1/x*series reversion of x/f(x).
The o.g.f. for this array is I(1 + t*x + t*x^2 + t*x^3 + ...) = 1 + t*x + (t + t^2)*x^2 + (t + 3*t^2 + t^3)*x^3 + ... = 1/(1 - x*t/(1 - x/(1 - x*t/(1 - x/(1 - ...))))) (as a continued fraction). Cf. A108767, A132081 and A141618. (End)
G.f.: 1/(1-x-xy-x^2y/(1-x-xy-x^2y/(1-... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Sep 28 2010
E.g.f.: exp((1+y)x)*Bessel_I(1,2*sqrt(y)x)/(sqrt(y)*x). - Paul Barry, Sep 28 2010
G.f.: A(x,y) = exp( Sum_{n>=1} [Sum_{k=0..n} C(n,k)^2*y^k] * x^n/n ). - Paul D. Hanna, Oct 13 2010
With F(x,t) = (1-(1+t)*x-sqrt(1-2*(1+t)*x+((t-1)*x)^2))/(2*x) an o.g.f. in x for the Narayana polynomials in t, G(x,t) = x/(t+(1+t)*x+x^2) is the compositional inverse in x. Consequently, with H(x,t) = 1/ (dG(x,t)/dx) = (t+(1+t)*x+x^2)^2 / (t-x^2), the n-th Narayana polynomial in t is given by (1/n!)*((H(x,t)*D_x)^n)x evaluated at x=0, i.e., F(x,t) = exp(x*H(u,t)*D_u)u, evaluated at u = 0. Also, dF(x,t)/dx = H(F(x,t),t). - Tom Copeland, Sep 04 2011
With offset 0, A001263 = Sum_{j>=0} A132710^j / A010790(j), a normalized Bessel fct. May be represented as the Pascal matrix A007318, n!/[(n-k)!*k!], umbralized with b(n)=A002378(n) for n>0 and b(0)=1: A001263(n,k)= b.(n!)/{b.[(n-k)!]*b.(k!)} where b.(n!) = b(n)*b(n-1)...*b(0), a generalized factorial (see example). - Tom Copeland, Sep 21 2011
With F(x,t) = {1-(1-t)*x-sqrt[1-2*(1+t)*x+[(t-1)*x]^2]}/2 a shifted o.g.f. in x for the Narayana polynomials in t, G(x,t)= x/[t-1+1/(1-x)] is the compositional inverse in x. Therefore, with H(x,t)=1/(dG(x,t)/dx)=[t-1+1/(1-x)]^2/{t-[x/(1-x)]^2}, (see A119900), the (n-1)-th Narayana polynomial in t is given by (1/n!)*((H(x,t)*d/dx)^n)x evaluated at x=0, i.e., F(x,t) = exp(x*H(u,t)*d/du) u, evaluated at u = 0. Also, dF(x,t)/dx = H(F(x,t),t). - Tom Copeland, Sep 30 2011
T(n,k) = binomial(n-1,k-1)*binomial(n+1,k)-binomial(n,k-1)*binomial(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 05 2011
A166360(n-k) = T(n,k) mod 2. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 10 2013
Damped sum of a column, in leading order: lim_{d->0} d^(2k-1) Sum_{N>=k} T(N,k)(1-d)^N=Catalan(n). - Joachim Wuttke, Sep 11 2014
Multiplying the n-th column by n! generates the revert of the unsigned Lah numbers, A089231. - Tom Copeland, Jan 07 2016
Row polynomials: (x - 1)^(n+1)*(P(n+1,(1 + x)/(x - 1)) - P(n-1,(1 + x)/(x - 1)))/((4*n + 2)), n = 1,2,... and where P(n,x) denotes the n-th Legendre polynomial. - Peter Bala, Mar 03 2017
The coefficients of the row polynomials R(n, x) = hypergeom([-n,-n-1], [2], x) generate the triangle based in (0,0). - Peter Luschny, Mar 19 2018
Multiplying the n-th diagonal by n!, with the main diagonal n=1, generates the Lah matrix A105278. With G equal to the infinitesimal generator of A132710, the Narayana triangle equals Sum_{n >= 0} G^n/((n+1)!*n!) = (sqrt(G))^(-1) * I_1(2*sqrt(G)), where G^0 is the identity matrix and I_1(x) is the modified Bessel function of the first kind of order 1. (cf. Sep 21 2011 formula also.) - Tom Copeland, Sep 23 2020
T(n,k) = T(n,k-1)*C(n-k+2,2)/C(k,2). - Yuchun Ji, Dec 21 2020
From Sergii Voloshyn, Nov 25 2024: (Start)
G.f.: F(x,y) = (1-x*(1+y)-sqrt((1-x*(1+y))^2-4*y*x^2))/(2*x) is the solution of the differential equation x^3 * d^2(x*F(x,y))/dx^2 = y * d^2(x*F(x,y))/dy^2.
Let E be the operator x*D*D, where D denotes the derivative operator d/dx. Then (1/(n! (1 + n)!)) * E^n(x/(1 - x)) = (row n generating polynomial)/(1 - x)^(2*n+1) = Sum_{k >= 0} C(n-1, k-1)*C(n, k-1)/k*x^k. For example, when n = 4 we have (1/4!/5!)*E^3(x/(1 - x)) = x (1 + 6 x + 6 x^2 + x^3)/(1 - x)^9. (End)

Extensions

Deleted certain dangerous or potentially dangerous links. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 30 2021

A001003 Schroeder's second problem (generalized parentheses); also called super-Catalan numbers or little Schroeder numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 11, 45, 197, 903, 4279, 20793, 103049, 518859, 2646723, 13648869, 71039373, 372693519, 1968801519, 10463578353, 55909013009, 300159426963, 1618362158587, 8759309660445, 47574827600981, 259215937709463, 1416461675464871
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

If you are looking for the Schroeder numbers (a.k.a. large Schroder numbers, or big Schroeder numbers), see A006318.
Yang & Jiang (2021) call these the small 2-Schroeder numbers. - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 28 2021
There are two schools of thought about the index for the first term. I prefer the indexing a(0) = a(1) = 1, a(2) = 3, a(3) = 11, etc.
a(n) is the number of ways to insert parentheses in a string of n+1 symbols. The parentheses must be balanced but there is no restriction on the number of pairs of parentheses. The number of letters inside a pair of parentheses must be at least 2. Parentheses enclosing the whole string are ignored.
Also length of list produced by a variant of the Catalan producing iteration: replace each integer k with the list 0,1,..,k,k+1,k,...,1,0 and get the length a(n) of the resulting (flattened) list after n iterations. - Wouter Meeussen, Nov 11 2001
Stanley gives several other interpretations for these numbers.
Number of Schroeder paths of semilength n (i.e., lattice paths from (0,0) to (2n,0), with steps H=(2,0), U=(1,1) and D(1,-1) and not going below the x-axis) with no peaks at level 1. Example: a(2)=3 because among the six Schroeder paths of semilength two HH, UHD, UUDD, HUD, UDH and UDUD, only the first three have no peaks at level 1. - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 27 2003
a(n+1) is the number of Dyck n-paths in which the interior vertices of the ascents are colored white or black. - David Callan, Mar 14 2004
Number of possible schedules for n time slots in the first-come first-served (FCFS) printer policy.
Also row sums of A086810, A033282, A126216. - Philippe Deléham, May 09 2004
a(n+1) is the number of pairs (u,v) of same-length compositions of n, 0's allowed in u but not in v and u dominates v (meaning u_1 >= v_1, u_1 + u_2 >= v_1 + v_2 and so on). For example, with n=2, a(3) counts (2,2), (1+1,1+1), (2+0,1+1). - David Callan, Jul 20 2005
The big Schroeder number (A006318) is the number of Schroeder paths from (0,0) to (n,n) (subdiagonal paths with steps (1,0) (0,1) and (1,1)). These paths fall in two classes: those with steps on the main diagonal and those without. These two classes are equinumerous and the number of paths in either class is the little Schroeder number a(n) (half the big Schroeder number). - Marcelo Aguiar (maguiar(AT)math.tamu.edu), Oct 14 2005
With offset 0, a(n) = number of (colored) Motzkin (n-1)-paths with each upstep U getting one of 2 colors and each flatstep F getting one of 3 colors. Example. With their colors immediately following upsteps/flatsteps, a(2) = 3 counts F1, F2, F3 and a(3)=11 counts U1D, U2D, F1F1, F1F2, F1F3, F2F1, F2F2, F2F3, F3F1, F3F2, F3F3. - David Callan, Aug 16 2006
Shifts left when INVERT transform applied twice. - Alois P. Heinz, Apr 01 2009
Number of increasing tableaux of shape (n,n). An increasing tableau is a semistandard tableaux with strictly increasing rows and columns, and set of entries an initial segment of the positive integers. Example: a(2) = 3 because of the three tableaux (12)(34), (13)(24), (12)(23). - Oliver Pechenik, Apr 22 2014
Number of ordered trees with no vertex of outdegree 1 and having n+1 leaves (called sometimes Schröder trees). - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 13 2014
Number of dissections of a convex (n+2)-gon by nonintersecting diagonals. Example: a(2)=3 because for a square ABCD we have (i) no diagonal, (ii) dissection with diagonal AC, and (iii) dissection with diagonal BD. - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 13 2014
The little Schroeder numbers are the moments of the Marchenko-Pastur law for the case c=2 (although the moment m0 is 1/2 instead of 1): 1/2, 1, 3, 11, 45, 197, 903, ... - Jose-Javier Martinez, Apr 07 2015
Number of generalized Motzkin paths with no level steps at height 0, from (0,0) to (2n,0), and consisting of steps U=(1,1), D=(1,-1) and H2=(2,0). For example, for n=3, we have the 11 paths: UDUDUD, UUDDUD, UDUUDD, UH2DUD, UDUH2D, UH2H2D, UUDUDD, UUUDDD, UUH2DD, UUDH2D, UH2UDD. - José Luis Ramírez Ramírez, Apr 20 2015
REVERT transform of A225883. - Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 25 2015
Total number of (nonempty) faces of all dimensions in the associahedron K_{n+1} of dimension n-1. For example, K_4 (a pentagon) includes 5 vertices and 5 edges together with K_4 itself (5 + 5 + 1 = 11), while K_5 includes 14 vertices, 21 edges and 9 faces together with K_5 itself (14 + 21 + 9 + 1 = 45). - Noam Zeilberger, Sep 17 2018
a(n) is the number of interval posets of permutations with n minimal elements that have exactly two realizers, up to a shift by 1 in a(4). See M. Bouvel, L. Cioni, B. Izart, Theorem 17 page 13. - Mathilde Bouvel, Oct 21 2021
a(n) is the number of sequences of nonnegative integers (u_1, u_2, ..., u_n) such that (i) u_1 = 1, (ii) u_i <= i for all i, (iii) the nonzero u_i are weakly increasing. For example, a(2) = 3 counts 10, 11, 12, and a(3) = 11 counts 100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 111, 112, 113, 120, 122, 123. See link below. - David Callan, Dec 19 2021
a(n) is the number of parking functions of size n avoiding the patterns 132 and 213. - Lara Pudwell, Apr 10 2023
a(n+1) is the number of Schroeder paths from (0,0) to (2n,0) in which level steps at height 0 come in 2 colors. - Alexander Burstein, Jul 23 2023

Examples

			G.f. = 1 + x + 3*x^2 + 11*x^3 + 45*x^4 + 197*x^5 + 903*x^6 + 4279*x^7 + ...
a(2) = 3: abc, a(bc), (ab)c; a(3) = 11: abcd, (ab)cd, a(bc)d, ab(cd), (ab)(cd), a(bcd), a(b(cd)), a((bc)d), (abc)d, (a(bc))d, ((ab)c)d.
Sum over partitions formula: a(3) = 2*a(0)*a(2) + 1*a(1)^2 + 3*(a(0)^2)*a(1) + 1*a(0)^4 = 6 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 11.
a(4) = 45 since the top row of Q^3 = (11, 14, 12, 8, 0, 0, 0, ...); (11 + 14 + 12 + 8) = 45.

References

  • D. Arques and A. Giorgetti, Une bijection géometrique entre une famille d'hypercartes et une famille de polygones énumérées par la série de Schroeder, Discrete Math., 217 (2000), 17-32.
  • Paul Barry, Riordan arrays, generalized Narayana triangles, and series reversion, Linear Algebra and its Applications, 491 (2016) 343-385.
  • N. Bernasconi et al., On properties of random dissections and triangulations, Combinatorica, 30 (6) (2010), 627-654.
  • Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 618.
  • Peter J. Cameron, Some treelike objects. Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2) 38 (1987), no. 150, 155--183. MR0891613 (89a:05009). See p. 155, also p. 179, line -9. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 18 2014
  • C. Coker, A family of eigensequences, Discrete Math. 282 (2004), 249-250.
  • L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 57.
  • D. E. Davenport, L. W. Shapiro and L. C. Woodson, The Double Riordan Group, The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 18(2) (2012), #P33. - From N. J. A. Sloane, May 11 2012
  • Emeric Deutsch, A bijective proof of an equation linking the Schroeder numbers, large and small, Discrete Math., 241 (2001), 235-240.
  • Tomislav Doslic and Darko Veljan, Logarithmic behavior of some combinatorial sequences. Discrete Math. 308 (2008), no. 11, 2182--2212. MR2404544 (2009j:05019) - From N. J. A. Sloane, May 01 2012
  • Michael Drmota, Anna de Mier, and Marc Noy, Extremal statistics on non-crossing configurations. Discrete Math. 327 (2014), 103--117. MR3192420. See Eq. (2). - N. J. A. Sloane, May 18 2014
  • I. M. H. Etherington, On non-associative combinations, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 59 (Part 2, 1938-39), 153-162.
  • I. M. H. Etherington, Some problems of non-associative combinations (I), Edinburgh Math. Notes, 32 (1940), pp. i-vi. Part II is by A. Erdelyi and I. M. H. Etherington, and is on pages vii-xiv of the same issue.
  • P. Flajolet and M. Noy, Analytic combinatorics of non-crossing permutations, Discrete Math., 204 (1999), 203-229, Section 3.1.
  • D. Foata and D. Zeilberger, A classic proof of a recurrence for a very classical sequence, J. Comb Thy A 80 380-384 1997.
  • Wolfgang Gatterbauer and Dan Suciu, Dissociation and propagation for approximate lifted inference with standard relational database management systems, The VLDB Journal, February 2017, Volume 26, Issue 1, pp. 5-30; DOI 10.1007/s00778-016-0434-5
  • Ivan Geffner and Marc Noy, Counting Outerplanar Maps, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 24(2) (2017), #P2.3.
  • D. Gouyou-Beauchamps and B. Vauquelin, Deux propriétés combinatoires des nombres de Schroeder, Theor. Inform. Appl., 22 (1988), 361-388.
  • N. S. S. Gu, N. Y. Li and T. Mansour, 2-Binary trees: bijections and related issues, Discr. Math., 308 (2008), 1209-1221.
  • P.-Y. Huang, S.-C. Liu, and Y.-N. Yeh, Congruences of Finite Summations of the Coefficients in certain Generating Functions, The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 21 (2014), #P2.45.
  • M. Klazar, On numbers of Davenport-Schinzel sequences, Discr. Math., 185 (1998), 77-87.
  • D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 1, various sections (e.g. p. 534 of 2nd ed.).
  • D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 1, (p. 539 of 3rd ed.).
  • D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 4A, Section 7.2.1.6, Problem 66, p. 479.
  • J. S. Lew, Polynomial enumeration of multidimensional lattices, Math. Systems Theory, 12 (1979), 253-270.
  • Ana Marco and J.-J. Martinez, A total positivity property of the Marchenko-Pastur Law, Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra, 30 (2015), #7.
  • T. S. Motzkin, Relations between hypersurface cross ratios and a combinatorial formula for partitions of a polygon, for permanent preponderance and for non-associative products, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 54 (1948), 352-360.
  • L. Ozsvart, Counting ordered graphs that avoid certain subgraphs, Discr. Math., 339 (2016), 1871-1877.
  • R. C. Read, On general dissections of a polygon, Aequat. Mathem. 18 (1978) 370-388, Table 6
  • J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 168.
  • E. Schroeder, Vier combinatorische Probleme, Zeit. f. Math. Phys., 15 (1870), 361-376.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
  • R. P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Cambridge, Vol. 2, 1999; see page 178; see page 239, Exercise 6.39b.
  • H. N. V. Temperley and D. G. Rogers, A note on Baxter's generalization of the Temperley-Lieb operators, pp. 324-328 of Combinatorial Mathematics (Canberra, 1977), Lect. Notes Math. 686, 1978.
  • I. Vardi, Computational Recreations in Mathematica. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, 1991, p. 198.
  • Sheng-Liang Yang and Mei-yang Jiang, The m-Schröder paths and m-Schröder numbers, Disc. Math. (2021) Vol. 344, Issue 2, 112209. doi:10.1016/j.disc.2020.112209. See Table 1.

Links

Crossrefs

See A000081, A000108, A001190, A001699, for other ways to count parentheses.
Row sums of A033282, A033877, A086810, A126216.
Right-hand column 1 of convolution triangle A011117.
Column 1 of A336573. Column 0 of A104219.
The sequences listed in Yang-Jiang's Table 1 appear to be A006318, this sequence, A027307, A034015, A144097, A243675, A260332, A243676. - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 28 2021
Cf. A000041, A000311, A001263, A003480, A006125, A010683, A025240, A035011.
Cf. A048996, A054726, A059435, A065096, A080243, A085403, A086456, A086616.
Cf. A086810, A088617, A104858, A110440, A111785, A114710, A118376, A126216.
Cf. A139685, A144156, A144944, A153881, A186826.
Cf. A006318 (Schroeder numbers).

Programs

  • Haskell
    a001003 = last . a144944_row  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, May 11 2013
  • Magma
    R:=PowerSeriesRing(Rationals(), 50);
Coefficients(R!( (1+x -Sqrt(1-6*x+x^2) )/(4*x) )); // G. C. Greubel, Oct 27 2024
  • Maple
    t1 := (1/(4*x))*(1+x-sqrt(1-6*x+x^2)); series(t1,x,40);
invtr:= proc(p) local b; b:= proc(n) option remember; local i; `if`(n<1, 1, add(b(n-i) *p(i-1), i=1..n+1)) end end: a:='a': f:= (invtr@@2)(a): a:= proc(n) if n<0 then 1 else f(n-1) fi end: seq(a(n), n=0..30); # Alois P. Heinz, Apr 01 2009
# Computes n -> [a[0],a[1],..,a[n]]
A001003_list := proc(n) local j,a,w; a := array(0..n); a[0] := 1;
for w from 1 to n do a[w] := a[w-1]+2*add(a[j]*a[w-j-1],j=1..w-1) od;
convert(a,list) end: A001003_list(100); # Peter Luschny, May 17 2011
  • Mathematica
    Table[Length[Flatten[Nest[ #/.a_Integer:> Join[Range[0, a + 1], Range[a, 0, -1]] &, {0}, n]]], {n, 0, 10}]; Sch[ 0 ] = Sch[ 1 ] = 1; Sch[ n_Integer ] := Sch[ n ] = (3(2n - 1)Sch[ n - 1 ] - (n - 2)Sch[ n - 2 ])/(n + 1); Array[ Sch, 24, 0]
(* Second program: *)
a[n_] := Hypergeometric2F1[-n + 1, n + 2, 2, -1]; a[0] = 1; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 23}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 09 2011, after Vladeta Jovovic *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ (1 + x - Sqrt[1 - 6 x + x^2]) / (4 x), {x, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, Aug 26 2015 *)
Table[(KroneckerDelta[n] - GegenbauerC[n+1, -1/2, 3])/4, {n, 0, 20}] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 25 2015 *)
a[n_] := -LegendreP[n, -1, 2, 3] I / Sqrt[2]; a[0] = 1;
Table[a[n], {n, 0, 23}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 16 2019 *)
a[1]:=1; a[2]:=1; a[n_]:=a[n] = a[n-1]+2 Sum[a[k] a[n-k], {k,2,n-1}]; Map[a, Range[24]] (* Oliver Seipel, Nov 03 2024, after Schröder 1870 *)
CoefficientList[InverseSeries[Series[x/(Series[(1 - x)/(1 - 2  x), {x, 0, 24}]), {x, 0, 24}]]/x, x] (* Mats Granvik, Jun 30 2025 *)
  • PARI
    {a(n) = if( n<1, n==0, sum( k=0, n, 2^k * binomial(n, k) * binomial(n, k-1) ) / (2*n))}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 31 2007 */
  • PARI
    {a(n) = my(A); if( n<1, n==0, n--; A = x * O(x^n); n! * simplify( polcoef( exp(3*x + A) * besseli(1, 2*x * quadgen(8) + A), n)))}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 31 2007 */
  • PARI
    {a(n) = if( n<0, 0, n++; polcoef( serreverse( (x - 2*x^2) / (1 - x) + x * O(x^n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 31 2007 */
  • PARI
    N=30; x='x+O('x^N); Vec( (1+x-(1-6*x+x^2)^(1/2))/(4*x) ) \\ Hugo Pfoertner, Nov 19 2018
  • Python
    # The objective of this implementation is efficiency.
# n -> [a(0), a(1), ..., a(n)]
def A001003_list(n):
    a = [0 for i in range(n)]
    a[0] = 1
    for w in range(1, n):
        s = 0
        for j in range(1, w):
            s += a[j]*a[w-j-1]
        a[w] = a[w-1]+2*s
    return a
# Peter Luschny, May 17 2011
  • Python
    from gmpy2 import divexact
A001003 = [1, 1]
for n in range(3,10**3):
    A001003.append(divexact(A001003[-1]*(6*n-9)-(n-3)*A001003[-2],n))
# Chai Wah Wu, Sep 01 2014
  • Sage
    # Generalized algorithm of L. Seidel
def A001003_list(n) :
    D = [0]*(n+1); D[1] = 1/2
    b = True; h = 2; R = [1]
    for i in range(2*n-2) :
        if b :
            for k in range(h,0,-1) : D[k] += D[k-1]
            h += 1;
        else :
            for k in range(1,h, 1) : D[k] += D[k-1]
            R.append(D[h-1]);
        b = not b
    return R
A001003_list(24) # Peter Luschny, Jun 02 2012

Formula

D-finite with recurrence: (n+1) * a(n) = (6*n-3) * a(n-1) - (n-2) * a(n-2) if n>1. a(0) = a(1) = 1.
a(n) = 3*a(n-1) + 2*A065096(n-2) (n>2). If g(x) = 1 + 3*x + 11*x^2 + 45*x^3 + ... + a(n)*x^n + ..., then g(x) = 1 + 3(x*g(x)) + 2(x*g(x))^2, g(x)^2 = 1 + 6*x + 31*x^2 + 156*x^3 + ... + A065096(n)*x^n + ... - Paul D. Hanna, Jun 10 2002
a(n+1) = -a(n) + 2*Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)*a(n+1-k). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 27 2004
a(n-2) = (1/(n-1))*Sum_{k=0..n-3} binomial(n-1,k+1)*binomial(n-3,k)*2^(n-3-k) for n >= 3 [G. Polya, Elemente de Math., 12 (1957), p. 115.] - N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 13 2015
G.f.: (1 + x - sqrt(1 - 6*x + x^2) )/(4*x) = 2/(1 + x + sqrt(1 - 6*x + x^2)).
a(n) ~ W*(3+sqrt(8))^n*n^(-3/2) where W = (1/4)*sqrt((sqrt(18)-4)/Pi) [See Knuth I, p. 534, or Perez. Note that the formula on line 3, page 475 of Flajolet and Sedgewick seems to be wrong - it has to be multiplied by 2^(1/4).] - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 10 2011
The correct asymptotic for this sequence is a(n) ~ W*(3+sqrt(8))^n*n^(-3/2), where W = (1+sqrt(2))/(2*2^(3/4)*sqrt(Pi)) = 0.404947065905750651736243... Result in book by D. Knuth (p. 539 of 3rd edition, exercise 12) is for sequence b(n), but a(n) = b(n+1)/2. Therefore is asymptotic a(n) ~ b(n) * (3+sqrt(8))/2. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Sep 09 2012
The Hankel transform of this sequence gives A006125 = 1, 1, 2, 8, 64, 1024, ...; example: det([1, 1, 3, 11; 1, 3, 11, 45; 3, 11, 45, 197; 11, 45, 197, 903]) = 2^6 = 64. - Philippe Deléham, Mar 02 2004
a(n+1) = Sum_{k=0..floor((n-1)/2)} 2^k * 3^(n-1-2k) * binomial(n-1, 2k) * Catalan(k). This formula counts colored Dyck paths by the same parameter by which Touchard's identity counts ordinary Dyck paths: number of DDUs (U=up step, D=down step). See also Gouyou-Beauchamps reference. - David Callan, Mar 14 2004
From Paul Barry, May 24 2005: (Start)
a(n) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{k=0..n} C(n+1, k)*C(2n-k, n)*(-1)^k*2^(n-k) [with offset 0].
a(n) = (1/(n+1))*Sum_{k=0..n} C(n+1, k+1)*C(n+k, k)*(-1)^(n-k)*2^k [with offset 0].
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (1/(k+1))*C(n, k)*C(n+k, k)*(-1)^(n-k)*2^k [with offset 0].
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A088617(n, k)*(-1)^(n-k)*2^k [with offset 0]. (End)
E.g.f. of a(n+1) is exp(3*x)*BesselI(1, 2*sqrt(2)*x)/(sqrt(2)*x). - Vladeta Jovovic, Mar 31 2004
Reversion of (x-2*x^2)/(1-x) is g.f. offset 1.
For n>=1, a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} 2^k*N(n, k) where N(n, k) = (1/n)*C(n, k)*C(n, k+1) are the Narayana numbers (A001263). - Benoit Cloitre, May 10 2003 [This formula counts colored Dyck paths by number of peaks, which is easy to see because the Narayana numbers count Dyck paths by number of peaks and the number of peaks determines the number of interior ascent vertices.]
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A088617(n, k)*2^k*(-1)^(n-k). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 21 2004
For n > 0, a(n) = (1/(n+1)) * Sum_{k = 0 .. n-1} binomial(2*n-k, n) * binomial(n-1, k). This formula counts colored Dyck paths (as above) by number of white vertices. - David Callan, Mar 14 2004
a(n-1) = (d^(n-1)/dx^(n-1))((1-x)/(1-2*x))^n/n!|_{x=0}. (For a proof see the comment on the unsigned row sums of triangle A111785.)
From Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 12 2005: (Start)
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} binomial(n, k)*binomial(n+k, k-1).
a(n) = hypergeom([1-n, n+2], [2], -1), n>=1. (End)
a(n) = hypergeom([1-n, -n], [2], 2) for n>=0. - Peter Luschny, Sep 22 2014
a(m+n+1) = Sum_{k>=0} A110440(m, k)*A110440(n, k)*2^k = A110440(m+n, 0). - Philippe Deléham, Sep 14 2005
Sum over partitions formula (reference Schroeder paper p. 362, eq. (1) II). Number the partitions of n according to Abramowitz-Stegun pp. 831-832 (see reference under A105805) with k=1..p(n)= A000041(n). For n>=1: a(n-1) = Sum_{k=2..p(n)} A048996(n,k)*a(1)^e(k, 1)*a(1)^e(k, 2)*...*a(n-2)^e(k, n-1) if the k-th partition of n in the mentioned order is written as (1^e(k, 1), 2^e(k, 2), ..., (n-1)e(k, n-1)). Note that the first (k=1) partition (n^1) has to be omitted. - Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 23 2005
Starting (1, 3, 11, 45, ...), = row sums of triangle A126216 = A001263 * [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Nov 30 2007
From Paul Barry, May 15 2009: (Start)
G.f.: 1/(1+x-2x/(1+x-2x/(1+x-2x/(1+x-2x/(1-.... (continued fraction).
G.f.: 1/(1-x/(1-x-x/(1-x-x/(1-x-x/(1-... (continued fraction).
G.f.: 1/(1-x-2x^2/(1-3x-2x^2/(1-3x-2x^2/(1-... (continued fraction). (End)
G.f.: 1 / (1 - x / (1 - 2*x / (1 - x / (1 - 2*x / ... )))). - Michael Somos, May 19 2013
a(n) = (LegendreP(n+1,3)-3*LegendreP(n,3))/(4*n) for n>0. - Mark van Hoeij, Jul 12 2010 [This formula is mentioned in S.-J. Kettle's 1982 letter - see link. N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 13 2015]
From Gary W. Adamson, Jul 08 2011: (Start)
a(n) = upper left term in M^n, where M is the production matrix:
1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...
2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, ...
1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, ...
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, ...
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
... (End)
From Gary W. Adamson, Aug 23 2011: (Start)
a(n) is the sum of top row terms of Q^(n-1), where Q is the infinite square production matrix:
1, 2, 0, 0, 0, ...
1, 1, 2, 0, 0, ...
1, 1, 1, 2, 0, ...
1, 1, 1, 1, 2, ...
... (End)
Let h(t) = (1-t)^2/(2*(1-t)^2-1) = 1/(1-(2*t+3*t^2+4*t^3+...)), an o.g.f. for A003480, then for A001003 a(n) = (1/n!)*((h(t)*d/dt)^n) t, evaluated at t=0, with initial n=1. (Cf. A086810.) - Tom Copeland, Sep 06 2011
A006318(n) = 2*a(n) if n>0. - Michael Somos, Mar 31 2007
BINOMIAL transform is A118376 with offset 0. REVERT transform is A153881. INVERT transform is A006318. INVERT transform of A114710. HANKEL transform is A139685. PSUM transform is A104858. - Michael Somos, May 19 2013
G.f.: 1 + x/(Q(0) - x) where Q(k) = 1 + k*(1-x) - x - x*(k+1)*(k+2)/Q(k+1) ; (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Mar 14 2013
a(n) = A144944(n,n) = A186826(n,0). - Reinhard Zumkeller, May 11 2013
a(n)=(-1)^n*LegendreP(n,-1,-3)/sqrt(2), n > 0, LegendreP(n,a,b) is the Legendre function. - Karol A. Penson, Jul 06 2013
Integral representation as n-th moment of a positive weight function W(x) = W_a(x) + W_c(x), where W_a(x) = Dirac(x)/2, is the discrete (atomic) part, and W_c(x) = sqrt(8-(x-3)^2)/(4*Pi*x) is the continuous part of W(x) defined on (3 sqrt(8),3+sqrt(8)): a(n) = int( x^n*W_a(x), x=-eps..eps ) + int( x^n*W_c(x), x = 3-sqrt(8)..3+sqrt(8) ), for any eps>0, n>=0. W_c(x) is unimodal, of bounded variation and W_c(3-sqrt(8)) = W_c(3+sqrt(8)) = 0. Note that the position of the Dirac peak (x=0) lies outside support of W_c(x). - Karol A. Penson and Wojciech Mlotkowski, Aug 05 2013
G.f.: 1 + x/G(x) with G(x) = 1 - 3*x - 2*x^2/G(x) (continued fraction). - Nikolaos Pantelidis, Dec 17 2022

A000055 Number of trees with n unlabeled nodes.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 23, 47, 106, 235, 551, 1301, 3159, 7741, 19320, 48629, 123867, 317955, 823065, 2144505, 5623756, 14828074, 39299897, 104636890, 279793450, 751065460, 2023443032, 5469566585, 14830871802, 40330829030, 109972410221, 300628862480, 823779631721, 2262366343746, 6226306037178
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

Also, number of unlabeled 2-gonal 2-trees with n-1 2-gons, for n>0. [Corrected by Andrei Zabolotskii, Jul 29 2025]
Main diagonal of A054924.
Left border of A157905. - Gary W. Adamson, Mar 08 2009
From Robert Munafo, Jan 24 2010: (Start)
Also counts classifications of n items that require exactly n-1 binary partitions; see Munafo link at A005646, also A171871 and A171872.
The 11 trees for n = 7 are illustrated at the Munafo web link.
Link to A171871/A171872 conjectured by Robert Munafo, then proved by Andrew Weimholt and Franklin T. Adams-Watters on Dec 29 2009. (End)
This is also "Number of tree perfect graphs on n nodes" [see Hougardy]. - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 04 2015
For n > 0, a(n) is the number of ways to arrange n-1 unlabeled non-intersecting circles on a sphere. - Vladimir Reshetnikov, Aug 25 2016
All trees for n=1 through n=12 are depicted in Chapter 1 of the Steinbach reference. On p. 6 appear encircled two trees (with n=10) which seem inequivalent only when considered as ordered (planar) trees. Earlier instances of such possibly (in)equivalent trees could appear from n=6 on (and from n=9 on without equivalence modulo plane symmetry) but are not drawn separately there. - M. F. Hasler, Aug 29 2017

Examples

			a(1) = 1 [o]; a(2) = 1 [o-o]; a(3) = 1 [o-o-o];
a(4) = 2 [o-o-o and o-o-o-o]
            |
            o
G.f. = 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + 2*x^4 + 3*x^5 + 6*x^6 + 11*x^7 + 23*x^8 + ...

References

  • F. Bergeron, G. Labelle and P. Leroux, Combinatorial Species and Tree-Like Structures, Camb. 1998, p. 279.
  • Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 55.
  • N. L. Biggs et al., Graph Theory 1736-1936, Oxford, 1976, p. 49.
  • A. Cayley, On the analytical forms called trees, with application to the theory of chemical combinations, Reports British Assoc. Advance. Sci. 45 (1875), 257-305 = Math. Papers, Vol. 9, 427-460 (see p. 459).
  • S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 295-316.
  • J. L. Gross and J. Yellen, eds., Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, 2004; p. 526.
  • F. Harary, Graph Theory. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969, p. 232.
  • F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973, p. 58 and 244.
  • D. E. Knuth, Fundamental Algorithms, 3d Ed. 1997, pp. 386-88.
  • R. C. Read and R. J. Wilson, An Atlas of Graphs, Oxford, 1998.
  • J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, p. 138.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

Cf. A000676 (centered trees), A000677 (bicentered trees), A027416 (trees with a centroid), A102011 (trees with a bicentroid), A034853 (refined by diameter), A238414 (refined by maximum vertex degree).
Cf. A000081 (rooted trees), A000272 (labeled trees), A000169 (labeled rooted trees), A212809 (radius of convergence).
Cf. A036361 (labeled 2-trees), A036362 (labeled 3-trees), A036506 (labeled 4-trees), A054581 (unlabeled 2-trees).
Cf. A157904, A157905, A005195 (Euler transform = forests), A095133 (multisets).
Column 0 of A335362 and A034799.
Related to A005646; see A171871 and A171872.
Cf. also A000088, A008406, A051491, A086308.

Programs

  • Haskell
    import Data.List (generic_index)
import Math.OEIS (getSequenceByID)
triangle x = (x * x + x) `div` 2
a000055 n = let {r = genericIndex (fromJust (getSequenceByID "A000081")); (m, nEO) = divMod n 2}
            in  r n - sum (zipWith (*) (map r [0..m]) (map r [n, n-1..]))
                + (1-nEO) * (triangle (r m + 1))
-- Walt Rorie-Baety, Jun 12 2021
  • Magma
    N := 30; P := PowerSeriesRing(Rationals(),N+1); f := func< A | x*&*[Exp(Evaluate(A,x^k)/k) : k in [1..N]]>; G := x; for i in [1..N] do G := f(G); end for; G000081 := G; G000055 := 1 + G - G^2/2 + Evaluate(G,x^2)/2; A000055 := Eltseq(G000055); // Geoff Baileu (geoff(AT)maths.usyd.edu.au), Nov 30 2009
  • Maple
    G000055 := series(1+G000081-G000081^2/2+subs(x=x^2,G000081)/2,x,31); A000055 := n->coeff(G000055,x,n); # where G000081 is g.f. for A000081 starting with n=1 term
with(numtheory): b:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<=1, n, (add(add(d*b(d), d=divisors(j)) *b(n-j), j=1..n-1))/ (n-1)) end: a:= n-> `if`(n=0, 1, b(n) -(add(b(k) *b(n-k), k=0..n) -`if`(irem(n, 2)=0, b(n/2), 0))/2):
seq(a(n), n=0..50);
# Alois P. Heinz, Aug 21 2008
# Program to create b-file b000055.txt:
A000081 := proc(n) option remember; local d, j;
if n <= 1 then n else
    add(add(d*procname(d),d=numtheory[divisors](j))*procname(n-j),j=1..n-1)/(n-1);
fi end:
A000055 := proc(nmax) local a81, n, t, a, j, i ;
a81 := [seq(A000081(i), i=0..nmax)] ; a := [] ;
for n from 0 to nmax do
    if n = 0 then
        t := 1+op(n+1, a81) ;
    else
        t := op(n+1, a81) ;
    fi;
    if type(n, even) then
        t := t-op(1+n/2, a81)^2/2 ;
        t := t+op(1+n/2, a81)/2 ;
    fi;
    for j from 0 to (n-1)/2 do
        t := t-op(j+1, a81)*op(n-j+1, a81) ;
    od:
    a := [op(a), t] ;
od:
a end:
L := A000055(1000) ;
#  R. J. Mathar, Mar 06 2009
  • Mathematica
    s[n_, k_] := s[n, k] = a[n + 1 - k] + If[n < 2k, 0, s[n - k, k]]; a[1] = 1; a[n_] := a[n] = Sum[a[i] s[n-1, i] i, {i, 1, n-1}] / (n-1); Table[a[i] - Sum[a[j] a[i-j], {j, 1, i/2}] + If[OddQ[i], 0, a[i/2] (a[i/2] + 1)/2], {i, 1, 50}] (* Robert A. Russell *)
b[0] = 0; b[1] = 1; b[n_] := b[n] = Sum[d*b[d]*b[n-j], {j, 1, n-1}, {d, Divisors[j]}]/(n-1); a[0] = 1; a[n_] := b[n] - (Sum[b[k]*b[n-k], {k, 0, n}] - If[Mod[n, 2] == 0, b[n/2], 0])/2; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 50}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 09 2014, after Alois P. Heinz *)
  • PARI
    {a(n) = local(A, A1, an, i, t); if( n<2, n>=0, an = Vec(A = A1 = 1 + O('x^n)); for(m=2, n, i=m\2; an[m] = sum(k=1, i, an[k] * an[m-k]) + (t = polcoeff( if( m%2, A *= (A1 - 'x^i)^-an[i], A), m-1))); t + if( n%2==0, binomial( -polcoeff(A, i-1), 2)))}; /* Michael Somos */
  • PARI
    N=66;  A=vector(N+1, j, 1);
for (n=1, N, A[n+1] = 1/n * sum(k=1, n, sumdiv(k, d, d * A[d]) * A[n-k+1] ) );
A000081=concat([0], A);
H(t)=subst(Ser(A000081, 't), 't, t);
x='x+O('x^N);
Vec( 1 + H(x) - 1/2*( H(x)^2 - H(x^2) ) )
\\ Joerg Arndt, Jul 10 2014
  • Python
    # uses function from A000081
def A000055(n): return 1 if n == 0 else A000081(n)-sum(A000081(i)*A000081(n-i) for i in range(1,n//2+1)) + (0 if n % 2 else (A000081(n//2)+1)*A000081(n//2)//2) # Chai Wah Wu, Feb 03 2022
  • SageMath
    [len(list(graphs.trees(n))) for n in range(16)] # Peter Luschny, Mar 01 2020

Formula

G.f.: A(x) = 1 + T(x) - T^2(x)/2 + T(x^2)/2, where T(x) = x + x^2 + 2*x^3 + ... is the g.f. for A000081.
a(n) ~ A086308 * A051491^n * n^(-5/2). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jan 04 2013
a(n) = A000081(n) - A217420(n+1), n > 0. - R. J. Mathar, Sep 19 2016
a(n) = A000676(n) + A000677(n). - R. J. Mathar, Aug 13 2018
a(n) = A000081(n) - (Sum_{1<=i<=j, i+j=n} A000081(i)*A000081(j)) + (1-(-1)^(n-1)) * binomial(A000081(n/2)+1,2) / 2 [Li, equation 4.2]. - Walt Rorie-Baety, Jul 05 2021

A004111 Number of rooted identity trees with n nodes (rooted trees whose automorphism group is the identity group).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 25, 52, 113, 247, 548, 1226, 2770, 6299, 14426, 33209, 76851, 178618, 416848, 976296, 2294224, 5407384, 12780394, 30283120, 71924647, 171196956, 408310668, 975662480, 2335443077, 5599508648, 13446130438, 32334837886, 77863375126, 187737500013, 453203435319, 1095295264857, 2649957419351
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

The nodes are unlabeled.
There is a natural correspondence between rooted identity trees and finitary sets (sets whose transitive closure is finite); each node represents a set, with the children of that node representing the members of that set. When the set corresponding to an identity tree is written out using braces, there is one set of braces for each node of the tree; thus a(n) is also the number of sets that can be made using n pairs of braces. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Oct 25 2011
Shifts left under WEIGH transform. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jan 17 2007
Is this the sequence mentioned in the middle of page 355 of Motzkin (1948)? - N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 04 2015. Answer from David Broadhurst, Apr 06 2022: The answer is No. Motzkin was considering a sequence asymptotic to Catalan(n)/(4*n), namely A006082, which begins 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 27, ... but he miscalculated and got 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 25, ... instead! - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 06 2022

Examples

			The 2 identity trees with 4 nodes are:
     O    O
    / \   |
   O   O  O
       |  |
       O  O
          |
          O
These correspond to the sets {{},{{}}} and {{{{}}}}.
G.f.: x + x^2 + x^3 + 2*x^4 + 3*x^5 + 6*x^6 + 12*x^7 + 25*x^8 + 52*x^9 + ...

References

  • F. Bergeron, G. Labelle and P. Leroux, Combinatorial Species and Tree-Like Structures, Camb. 1998, p. 330.
  • S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, p. 301 and 562.
  • F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973, p. 64, Eq. (3.3.15); p. 80, Problem 3.10.
  • D. E. Knuth, Fundamental Algorithms, 3rd Ed., 1997, pp. 386-388.
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

Cf. A000009, A000081, A000220, A196118, A196154, A196161, A227819.
Cf. A027750, A035056, A246169.
Column k=1 of A255517, A316074, A316101, A318757.

Programs

  • Haskell
    import Data.List (genericIndex)
a004111 = genericIndex a004111_list
a004111_list = 0 : 1 : f 1 [1] where
   f x zs = y : f (x + 1) (y : zs) where
            y = (sum $ zipWith (*) zs $ map g [1..]) `div` x
   g k = sum $ zipWith (*) (map (((-1) ^) . (+ 1)) $ reverse divs)
                           (zipWith (*) divs $ map a004111 divs)
                           where divs = a027750_row k
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 29 2014
  • Maple
    A004111 := proc(n)
        spec := [ A, {A=Prod(Z,PowerSet(A))} ]:
        combstruct[count](spec, size=n) ;
end proc:
# second Maple program:
with(numtheory):
a:= proc(n) a(n):= `if`(n<2, n, add(a(n-k)*add(a(d)*d*
       (-1)^(k/d+1), d=divisors(k)), k=1..n-1)/(n-1))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=0..50);  # Alois P. Heinz, Jul 15 2014
  • Mathematica
    s[ n_, k_ ] := s[ n, k ]=a[ n+1-k ]+If[ n<2k, 0, -s[ n-k, k ] ]; a[ 1 ]=1; a[ n_ ] := a[ n ]=Sum[ a[ i ]s[ n-1, i ]i, {i, 1, n-1} ]/(n-1); Table[ a[ i ], {i, 1, 30} ] (* Robert A. Russell *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 2, Boole[n == 1], Nest[ CoefficientList[ Normal[ Times @@ (Table[1 + x^k, {k, Length@#}]^#) + x O[x]^Length@#], x] &, {}, n - 1][[n]]]; (* Michael Somos, Jul 10 2014 *)
a[n_] := a[n] = Sum[a[n-k]*Sum[a[d]*d*(-1)^(k/d+1),{d, Divisors[k]}], {k, 1, n-1}]/(n-1); a[0]=0; a[1]=1; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 40}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 02 2015 *)
  • PARI
    N=66;  A=vector(N+1, j, 1);
for (n=1, N, A[n+1] = 1/n * sum(k=1, n, sumdiv(k, d, (-1)^(k/d+1) * d * A[d]) * A[n-k+1] ) );
concat([0], A)
\\ Joerg Arndt, Jul 10 2014

Formula

Recurrence: a(n+1) = (1/n) * Sum_{k=1..n} ( Sum_{d|k} (-1)^(k/d+1) d*a(d) ) * a(n-k+1). - Mitchell Harris, Dec 02 2004
G.f. satisfies A(x) = x*exp(A(x) - A(x^2)/2 + A(x^3)/3 - A(x^4)/4 + ...). [Harary and Prins]
Also A(x) = Sum_{n >= 1} a(n)*x^n = x * Product_{n >= 1} (1+x^n)^a(n).
a(n) ~ c * d^n / n^(3/2), where d = A246169 = 2.51754035263200389079535..., c = 0.3625364233974198712298411097408713812865256408189512533230825639621448038... . - Vaclav Kotesovec, Aug 22 2014, updated Dec 26 2020

A000607 Number of partitions of n into prime parts.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 23, 26, 30, 35, 40, 46, 52, 60, 67, 77, 87, 98, 111, 124, 140, 157, 175, 197, 219, 244, 272, 302, 336, 372, 413, 456, 504, 557, 614, 677, 744, 819, 899, 987, 1083, 1186, 1298, 1420, 1552, 1695, 1850, 2018, 2198, 2394, 2605, 2833, 3079, 3344
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

Comments

a(n) gives the number of values of k such that A001414(k) = n. - Howard A. Landman, Sep 25 2001
Let W(n) = {prime p: There is at least one number m whose spf is p, and sopfr(m) = n}. Let V(n,p) = {m: sopfr(m) = n, p belongs to W(n)}. Then a(n) = sigma(|V(n,p)|). E.g.: W(10) = {2,3,5}, V(10,2) = {30,32,36}, V(10,3) = {21}, V(10,5) = {25}, so a(10) = 3+1+1 = 5. - David James Sycamore, Apr 14 2018
From Gus Wiseman, Jan 18 2020: (Start)
Also the number of integer partitions such that the sum of primes indexed by the parts is n. For example, the sum of primes indexed by the parts of the partition (3,2,1,1) is prime(3)+prime(2)+prime(1)+prime(1) = 12, so (3,2,1,1) is counted under a(12). The a(2) = 1 through a(14) = 10 partitions are:
1 2 11 3 22 4 32 41 33 5 43 6 44
21 111 31 221 222 42 322 331 51 52
211 1111 311 321 411 421 332 431
2111 2211 2221 2222 422 3222
11111 3111 3211 3221 3311
21111 22111 4111 4211
111111 22211 22221
31111 32111
211111 221111
1111111
(End)

Examples

			n = 10 has a(10) = 5 partitions into prime parts: 10 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 = 2 + 3 + 5 = 3 + 7 = 5 + 5.
n = 15 has a(15) = 12 partitions into prime parts: 15 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 5 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 7 = 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 5 = 2 + 3 + 5 + 5 = 2 + 3 + 3 + 7 = 2 + 2 + 11 = 2 + 13 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 + 5 + 7 = 5 + 5 + 5.

References

  • R. Ayoub, An Introduction to the Analytic Theory of Numbers, Amer. Math. Soc., 1963; see p. 203.
  • Mohammad K. Azarian, A Generalization of the Climbing Stairs Problem, Mathematics and Computer Education, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 24-28, Winter 1997. MathEduc Database (Zentralblatt MATH, 1997c.01891).
  • B. C. Berndt and B. M. Wilson, Chapter 5 of Ramanujan's second notebook, pp. 49-78 of Analytic Number Theory (Philadelphia, 1980), Lect. Notes Math. 899, 1981, see Entry 29.
  • D. M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2002.
  • L. M. Chawla and S. A. Shad, On a trio-set of partition functions and their tables, J. Natural Sciences and Mathematics, 9 (1969), 87-96.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

G.f. = 1 / g.f. for A046675. See A046113 for the ordered (compositions) version.
Cf. A046676, A048165, A004526, A051034, A000040, A001414, A000586 (distinct parts), A000041, A070214, A192541, A112021, A056768, A128515, A319265, A319266.
Row sums of array A116865 and of triangle A261013.
Column sums of A331416.
Partitions whose Heinz number is divisible by their sum of primes are A330953.
Partitions of whose sum of primes is divisible by their sum are A331379.
Cf. A000720, A014689, A331385, A331387, A331415, A331417.

Programs

  • Haskell
    a000607 = p a000040_list where
   p _      0 = 1
   p ks'@(k:ks) m = if m < k then 0 else p ks' (m - k) + p ks m
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 05 2012
  • Magma
    [1] cat [#RestrictedPartitions(n,{p:p in PrimesUpTo(n)}): n in [1..100]]; // Marius A. Burtea, Jan 02 2019
  • Maple
    with(gfun):
t1:=mul(1/(1-q^ithprime(n)),n=1..51):
t2:=series(t1,q,50):
t3:=seriestolist(t2); # fixed by Vaclav Kotesovec, Sep 14 2014
  • Mathematica
    CoefficientList[ Series[1/Product[1 - x^Prime[i], {i, 1, 50}], {x, 0, 50}], x]
f[n_] := Length@ IntegerPartitions[n, All, Prime@ Range@ PrimePi@ n]; Array[f, 57] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jul 23 2010 *)
Table[Length[Select[IntegerPartitions[n],And@@PrimeQ/@#&]],{n,0,60}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 22 2012 *)
a[n_] := a[n] = If[PrimeQ[n], 1, 0]; c[n_] := c[n] = Plus @@ Map[# a[#] &, Divisors[n]]; b[n_] := b[n] = (c[n] + Sum[c[k] b[n - k], {k, 1, n - 1}])/n; Table[b[n], {n, 1, 20}] (* Thomas Vogler, Dec 10 2015: Uses Euler transform, caches computed values, faster than IntegerPartitions[] function. *)
nmax = 100; pmax = PrimePi[nmax]; poly = ConstantArray[0, nmax + 1]; poly[[1]] = 1; poly[[2]] = 0; poly[[3]] = -1; Do[p = Prime[k]; Do[poly[[j + 1]] -= poly[[j + 1 - p]], {j, nmax, p, -1}];, {k, 2, pmax}]; s = Sum[poly[[k + 1]]*x^k, {k, 0, Length[poly] - 1}]; CoefficientList[Series[1/s, {x, 0, nmax}], x] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, Jan 11 2021 *)
  • PARI
    N=66;x='x+O('x^N); Vec(1/prod(k=1,N,1-x^prime(k))) \\ Joerg Arndt, Sep 04 2014
  • Python
    from sympy import primefactors
l = [1, 0]
for n in range(2, 101):
    l.append(sum(sum(primefactors(k)) * l[n - k] for k in range(1, n + 1)) // n)
l  # Indranil Ghosh, Jul 13 2017
  • Sage
    [Partitions(n, parts_in=prime_range(n + 1)).cardinality() for n in range(100)]  # Giuseppe Coppoletta, Jul 11 2016

Formula

Asymptotically a(n) ~ exp(2 Pi sqrt(n/log n) / sqrt(3)) (Ayoub).
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A008472(k)*a(n-k). - Vladeta Jovovic, Aug 27 2002
G.f.: 1/Product_{k>=1} (1-x^prime(k)).
See the partition arrays A116864 and A116865.
From Vaclav Kotesovec, Sep 15 2014 [Corrected by Andrey Zabolotskiy, May 26 2017]: (Start)
It is surprising that the ratio of the formula for log(a(n)) to the approximation 2 * Pi * sqrt(n/(3*log(n))) exceeds 1. For n=20000 the ratio is 1.00953, and for n=50000 (using the value from Havermann's tables) the ratio is 1.02458, so the ratio is increasing. See graph above.
A more refined asymptotic formula is found by Vaughan in Ramanujan J. 15 (2008), pp. 109-121, and corrected by Bartel et al. (2017): log(a(n)) = 2*Pi*sqrt(n/(3*log(n))) * (1 - log(log(n))/(2*log(n)) + O(1/log(n))).
See Bartel, Bhaduri, Brack, Murthy (2017) for a more complete asymptotic expansion. (End)
G.f.: 1 + Sum_{i>=1} x^prime(i) / Product_{j=1..i} (1 - x^prime(j)). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, May 07 2017
a(n) = A184198(n) + A184199(n). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jan 11 2021

A003114 Number of partitions of n into parts 5k+1 or 5k+4.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 23, 26, 31, 35, 41, 46, 54, 61, 70, 79, 91, 102, 117, 131, 149, 167, 189, 211, 239, 266, 299, 333, 374, 415, 465, 515, 575, 637, 709, 783, 871, 961, 1065, 1174, 1299, 1429, 1579, 1735, 1913, 2100, 2311, 2533, 2785
Offset: 0

Views

Author

N. J. A. Sloane and Herman P. Robinson

Keywords

Comments

Expansion of Rogers-Ramanujan function G(x) in powers of x.
Same as number of partitions into distinct parts where the difference between successive parts is >= 2.
As a formal power series, the limit of polynomials S(n,x): S(n,x)=sum(T(i,x),0<=i<=n); T(i,x)=S(i-2,x).x^i; T(0,x)=1,T(1,x)=x; S(n,1)=A000045(n+1), the Fibonacci sequence. - Claude Lenormand (claude.lenormand(AT)free.fr), Feb 04 2001
The Rogers-Ramanujan identity is 1 + Sum_{n >= 1} t^(n^2)/((1-t)*(1-t^2)*...*(1-t^n)) = Product_{n >= 1} 1/((1-t^(5*n-1))*(1-t^(5*n-4))).
Coefficients in expansion of permanent of infinite tridiagonal matrix:
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
x 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
0 x^2 1 1 0 0 0 ...
0 0 x^3 1 1 0 0 ...
0 0 0 x^4 1 1 0 ...
................... - Vladeta Jovovic, Jul 17 2004
Also number of partitions of n such that the smallest part is greater than or equal to number of parts. - Vladeta Jovovic, Jul 17 2004
Also number of partitions of n such that if k is the largest part, then each of {1, 2, ..., k-1} occur at least twice. Example: a(9)=5 because we have [3, 2, 2, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] and [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]. - Emeric Deutsch, Feb 27 2006
Also number of partitions of n such that if k is the largest part, then k occurs at least k times. Example: a(9)=5 because we have [3, 3, 3], [2, 2, 2, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] and [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]. - Emeric Deutsch, Apr 16 2006
a(n) = number of NW partitions of n, for n >= 1; see A237981.
For more about the generalized Rogers-Ramanujan series G[i](x) see the Andrews-Baxter and Lepowsky-Zhu papers. The present series is G[1](x). - N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 22 2015
Convolution of A109700 and A109697. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jan 21 2017

Examples

			G.f. = 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + 2*x^4 + 2*x^5 + 3*x^6 + 3*x^7 + 4*x^8 + 5*x^9 + ...
G.f. = 1/q + q^59 + q^119 + q^179 + 2*q^239 + 2*q^299 + 3*q^359 + 3*q^419 + ...
From _Joerg Arndt_, Dec 27 2012: (Start)
The a(16)=17 partitions of 16 where all parts are 1 or 4 (mod 5) are
  [ 1]  [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
  [ 2]  [ 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
  [ 3]  [ 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
  [ 4]  [ 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 ]
  [ 5]  [ 4 4 4 4 ]
  [ 6]  [ 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
  [ 7]  [ 6 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
  [ 8]  [ 6 4 4 1 1 ]
  [ 9]  [ 6 6 1 1 1 1 ]
  [10]  [ 6 6 4 ]
  [11]  [ 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]
  [12]  [ 9 4 1 1 1 ]
  [13]  [ 9 6 1 ]
  [14]  [ 11 1 1 1 1 1 ]
  [15]  [ 11 4 1 ]
  [16]  [ 14 1 1 ]
  [17]  [ 16 ]
The a(16)=17 partitions of 16 where successive parts differ by at least 2 are
  [ 1]  [ 7 5 3 1 ]
  [ 2]  [ 8 5 3 ]
  [ 3]  [ 8 6 2 ]
  [ 4]  [ 9 5 2 ]
  [ 5]  [ 9 6 1 ]
  [ 6]  [ 9 7 ]
  [ 7]  [ 10 4 2 ]
  [ 8]  [ 10 5 1 ]
  [ 9]  [ 10 6 ]
  [10]  [ 11 4 1 ]
  [11]  [ 11 5 ]
  [12]  [ 12 3 1 ]
  [13]  [ 12 4 ]
  [14]  [ 13 3 ]
  [15]  [ 14 2 ]
  [16]  [ 15 1 ]
  [17]  [ 16 ]
(End)

References

  • G. E. Andrews, The Theory of Partitions, Addison-Wesley, 1976, p. 109, 238.
  • G. E. Andrews, R. Askey and R. Roy, Special Functions, Cambridge University Press, 1999; Exercise 6(e), p. 591.
  • Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 669.
  • L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 107.
  • G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan, AMS Chelsea Publ., Providence, RI, 2002, pp. 90-92.
  • G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Fifth ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003, pp. 290-291.
  • H. P. Robinson, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 04 1974.
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Crossrefs

Cf. A003106, A003116, A127836, A003113, A006141, A039899, A039900.
Cf. A188216 (least part k occurs at least k times).
Cf. A047209, A203776, A237981.
For the generalized Rogers-Ramanujan series G[1], G[2], G[3], G[4], G[5], G[6], G[7], G[8] see A003114, A003106, A006141, A264591, A264592, A264593, A264594, A264595. G[0] = G[1]+G[2] is given by A003113.
Row sums of A268187.

Programs

  • Haskell
    a003114 = p a047209_list where
   p _      0 = 1
   p ks'@(k:ks) m = if m < k then 0 else p ks' (m - k) + p ks m
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 05 2011
  • Haskell
    a003114 = p 1 where
   p _ 0 = 1
   p k m = if k > m then 0 else p (k + 2) (m - k) + p (k + 1) m
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 19 2013
  • Maple
    g:=sum(x^(k^2)/product(1-x^j,j=1..k),k=0..10): gser:=series(g,x=0,65): seq(coeff(gser,x,n),n=0..60); # Emeric Deutsch, Feb 27 2006
  • Mathematica
    CoefficientList[ Series[Sum[x^k^2/Product[1 - x^j, {j, 1, k}], {k, 0, 10}], {x, 0, 65}], x][[1 ;; 61]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 08 2011, after Emeric Deutsch *)
Table[Count[IntegerPartitions[n], p_ /; Min[p] >= Length[p]], {n, 0, 24}] (* Clark Kimberling, Feb 13 2014 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ 1 / (QPochhammer[ x^1, x^5] QPochhammer[ x^4, x^5]), {x, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, May 17 2015 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ Product[ (1 - x^k)^{-1, 0, 0, -1, 0}[[Mod[k, 5, 1]]], {k, n}], {x, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, May 17 2015 *)
nmax = 60; kmax = nmax/5;
s = Flatten[{Range[0, kmax]*5 + 1}~Join~{Range[0, kmax]*5 + 4}];
Table[Count[IntegerPartitions@n, x_ /; SubsetQ[s, x]], {n, 0, nmax}] (* Robert Price, Aug 02 2020 *)
  • PARI
    {a(n) = my(t); if( n<0, 0, t = 1 + x * O(x^n); polcoeff( sum(k=1, sqrtint(n), t *= x^(2*k - 1) / (1 - x^k) * (1 + x * O(x^(n - k^2))), 1), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 15 2008 */

Formula

G.f.: Sum_{k>=0} x^(k^2)/(Product_{i=1..k} 1-x^i).
The g.f. above is the special case D=2 of sum(n>=0, x^(D*n*(n+1)/2 - (D-1)*n) / prod(k=1..n, 1-x^k) ), the g.f. for partitions into distinct part where the difference between successive parts is >= D. - Joerg Arndt, Mar 31 2014
G.f.: 1 + sum(i=1, oo, x^(5i+1)/prod(j=1 or 4 mod 5 and j<=5i+1, 1-x^j) + x^(5i+4)/prod(j=1 or 4 mod 5 and j<=5i+4, 1-x^j)). - Jon Perry, Jul 06 2004
G.f.: (Product_{k>0} 1 + x^(2*k)) * (Sum_{k>=0} x^(k^2) / (Product_{i=1..k} 1 - x^(4*i))). - Michael Somos, Oct 19 2006
Euler transform of period 5 sequence [ 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, ...]. - Michael Somos, Oct 15 2008
Expansion of f(-x^5) / f(-x^1, -x^4) in powers of x where f(,) is the Ramanujan general theta function. - Michael Somos, May 17 2015
Expansion of f(-x^2, -x^3) / f(-x) in powers of x where f(,) is the Ramanujan general theta function. - Michael Somos, Jun 13 2015
a(n) ~ phi^(1/2) * exp(2*Pi*sqrt(n/15)) / (2 * 3^(1/4) * 5^(1/2) * n^(3/4)) * (1 - (3*sqrt(15)/(16*Pi) + Pi/(60*sqrt(15))) / sqrt(n)), where phi = A001622 = (1+sqrt(5))/2 is the golden ratio. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Aug 23 2015, extended Jan 24 2017
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A284150(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, Mar 21 2017
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